A Guide to the Select Greek and Roman Coins Exhibited in Electrotype

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SYNOPSIS OF THE CONTENTS

BRITISH MUSEUM

DEPABTMEirr OF

COINS AND MEDALS.

A GUIDE

TO TBB

SELECT GREEK AND ROMAN COINS

EXHIBITED IN ELECTROTYPE.

NEW EDITION.

BT

BARCLAY y. HEAD, Assistant Keeper of Coins.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES.

1880.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM OLOWES AND SONS,
STAUFOBD STREET AND GHARINO CROSS.

( OXFORD 1

1
I

i
LONDON : I

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

The fronts of the two upright cases A and B on either
side of the King's Library contain electrotypes of the
finest ancient coins in the National Collection, arranged in
such a manner as to afifbrd a synoptical view at once his-
torical and geographical of the gold and silyer coinage of
the ancient world, from the invention of the art of coining,
about B.C. 700, down to the Christian era.

The chief value of Greek coins lies in their being
original works of art, not copies, as are most of the extant
sculptures in the round, and in their recording the suc-
cessive phases and local varieties of Greek art, in which
respect no other class of monuments, sculptures, bronzes,
terracottas, fictile vases, or gems, can compete with them.
From the seventh century before the Christian era down-
wards, and from the farthest east to the extreme west of
the ancient civilised world, gold and silver coins are still
extant, in many cases as uninjured as when they first left
the dies. The devices or types which they bear, if not by
leading artists, certainly faithfully represent the style of
the sculpture and even of the painting of the periods to
which they belong. Thus in no other branch of Greek
monuments can the student so readily and so thoroughly
trace the growth, the maturity, and the decay of the
plastic art as on coins chronologically arranged.

For the study of mythology they present the local con
ceptions of the gods and heroes worshipped in the Greek
world, with their attributes and symbols. The historian

iv editor's pbeface.

will find a gallery of portraits of sovereigns almost com-
plete from Alexander to Augustus, as well as evidences of
the history and of the political revolutions of innumerable
autonomous states and cities in these all but imperishable
records. The student of palaeography will find on coins
examples of various ancient alphabets, such as Lycian and
Cyprian, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, Iberian, <fec., in various
stages of development. The metrologist, by comparing
the weights of coins of different localities and periods,
may gain an insight into the various systems of ancient
metrology in its different standards, and obtain a just
view of the relative values of the precious metals, and of
the great lines of trade in the Greek and Boman world.

For practical purposes the medallist and art workman
will find this series the most profitable as well as the
safest guide. The artist will not fail to perceive the sug-
gestive value of designs which, on however small a scale,
are essentially large in treatment.

Case A is divided vertically into four historical compart-
ments, and case B into three, lliese compartments, num-
bered I. to VII., contain the principal coins current during
the following periods : —

I. — Circa B.C. 700-480. Period of Archaic Arty ending with the Persian

wars.

II. — Circa b.c. 480-400. Period of Transitional and Early Fine Arty to

the end of the Athenian supremacy.

III.— Circa B.C. 400-336. Period of Finest Art Age of the Spartan and

Theban supremacies.

IV. — Circa B.C. 336-280. Period of Later Fine Art, Age of Alexander

and the Diadochi.

v.— Circa B.c. 280-190. Period of the Decline of Art. Age of the

Epigoni, &c.

VI.— Circa B.C. 190-100. Period of continued Decline of Art. Age of the

Attalids.

VII. — Circa B.C. 100-1. Period of late Decline of Art, Age of Mithra-

dates the Great and of Roman dominion.

Each of the above seven compartments is divided
horizontally into three geographical sections, the upper one

editor's preface.

(A) containing the coins of Asia Minor, Fhoenioia, Syria,
&o.y &nd Egypt ; the middle one (B) those of Northern a^d
Central Greece, the Peloponnesus, and the islands of the
^gean; and the lowest (C) those of Italy, Sicily, the
southern shores of the Mediterranean, and Western
Europe.

Each of the seven historical compartments thus offers
in its three geographical sections a complete view of the
coins current throughout the civilised world during that
particular century or period, the whole forming a series of
historically successive tableaux.

The individual specimens are separately labelled and
numbered in each of the twenty-one sections, the numbers
referring to the following Guide, where short descriptions
and explanations are given.

Beqinald Stuart Poole,

Keeper of Cknnt.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The want of a general chronological view of the coinage
of the ancients ha« long been felt by all who have
devoted any study to this branch of archsBology. It is
this want which I have here made a first attempt to
supply.

In the choice and classification of the coins described
in the following pages, I have throughout endeavoured
to keep simultaneously in view the historic, artistic, and
strictly numismatic interest of the coins selected. Thus,
and thus alone, have I found it possible to present to the
spectator a tolerably complete representative series of the
gold and silver money current throughout the ancient
world in approximate chronological order.

This series gives at the same time a view of the finest
and most interesting Greek coins in the National Collec-
tion. Putting aside all theoretical aesthetic methods of
classification according to styles and schools of art, my
endeavour has been to arrive at one which is strictly
historical. With this object in view I began by erecting
as many definitely fixed points of comparison as possible,
that is to say, I chose a certain number of dated coins, or
coins about the precise dates of which numismatists are
generally agreed. Working by analogy, I next proceeded
to group around these fixed points all such other coins as
bcemed to me on various grounds, numismatic, historical,
or artistic, to belong, as nearly as possible, to the same
periods. The divisions into periods do not, it will be
seen, exactly correspond with those of the history of art,
but are rather those of the political history of the times.

author's preface. vii

If, then, the result of thus grouping together from a
historical standpoint specimens of the chief monetaiy
issues of all parts of the ancient world prove to be also
a commentary on the history of the growth, development,
and decline of Greek art, it will be none the less valuable
for being a thoroughly independent commentary.

As an aid to those who may not be intimately acquainted
with the well-known handbooks of Greek art, a few slight
indications have been given, at the head of each period, of
the chief characteristics of the art of that period, as
exemplified by the most notable extant sculptures.

The artistic side is, however,, but one of many from
which it is possible to approach the science of numis-
matics, and I hope that it will be found that undue
importance has not been attached to any one aspect of
interest to the neglect of the others.

In the very compressed form in which alone the
dimensions of this little Guide permit of explanations
of the coins described, prominence has been given to the
time and circumstance of the striking, and to such infor-
mation as is not generally accessible to the public in the
dictionaries of classical archsBology. The works to which
I am indebted for the matter contained in these notes
are for the most part numismatic treatises by English and
foreign archaeologists far too numerous to cite. Among
the articles which I have found of the greatest value
are those of Monsieur W. H. Waddington, Mr. C. T.
Newton, C.B., Mr. B. S. Poole, Mr. P. Gardner, Professors
Mommsen and Curtius, Drs. Friedlander, Von Sallet,
Brandis, and Imhoof-Blumer, Professor F. Lenormant,
and Mr. J. P. Six, of Amsterdam. I have, moreover, to
acknowledge the personal advice and assistance rendered
me in the arrangement of the coins by Mr. P. Gardner and
Mr. C. T. Newton, and in the portions relating to the
history of art by Mr. A. S. Murray, and especially in the
revision of the whole by Mr. R. S. Poole.

Barclay V. Head.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS

OF TERMS.

A/^, aurum (gold) ; EL, dectrumj an alloy of about three parts gold to

one part silver ; JR, argentum (silver).
Ohv. obverse^ the face of a coin.
Rev. reverse^ the back.

Type, the principal device upon the obverse or reverse.
Fiddt the area between the type and the circumference.
Ex, exergue, the lower portion of the area of a coin separated from

the rest by a straight line.

Symbol, an accessory device in the field or exergue.

«
N.B. — ^An asterisk (***) is prefixed to all the coins represented on

the seven autotype plates which illustrate the 8vo edition.

Mr. Ready, Electrotypist, British Museum, supplies single electro-
types (obverse and reverse) of any of the coins described in this Guide,
at 28. 6d. each. Complete sets for museums, schools, Ac., classified
and labelled, in cases lined with velvet, as in the British Museum, can
also be obtained from him.

SELECT GREEK AND ROMAN COINS

EXHIBITED IN ELECTROTYPE.

PERIOD I.— CIRCA B.C/ 700-480.

About seven hundred years before the Christian era,
the Lydians in Asia Minor, at that time mled by ihe
illustrious dynasty of the MermnadsB, first began to
stamp small ingots of their native gold ore, obtained from
ihe washings of the river Pactolus, with an official mark
as a guarantee of just weight, thus rendering an appeal
to the scales on every fresh transaction no longer a
matter of necessity. These stamped ingots were the
first coins.

The official marks on these earliest of all coins con-
sisted merely of the impress of the rude unengraved
punches, between which the ingot was placed to receive
the blow of the hammer. Very soon, however, the art of
the engraver was called in to adorn the lower of the two
dies, that of the obverse, with the badge of the state or the
sj'^mbol of the local divinity under whose auspices the cur-
rency was issued, the earliest mints having been, it is gene-
rally supposed, within the sacred precincts of a temple.

The Greek cities which studded the coasts and islands of
Asia Minor soon adopted and improved upon this simple
but none the less remarkable Lydian invention, and to
the Greeks the credit is probably due of substituting
engraved dies for the primitive punches, and certainly of
inscribing them with the name of the people or ruler by
whom the coin was issued.

In European Greece, Pbidon, king of Argos, is said to

B

2 PERIOD I.

have been the firttt to strike money, on which occasion he
dedicated the ancient bars of metal, o^cXto-zcoi, which had
before served for money, in the temple of Hera at Argos.
The Euboean cities Chalcis and Eretria, as well as
Corinth with her colonies, and Athens, were not slow to
follow his example.

From these centres, Asiatic and European, the new in-
vention spread far and wide, to the coaf^ts of Thrace on the
north, to those of the Cyrenaica on the south, and to Italy
and Sicily in the west. In each district the weight of the
standard coin or stater was carefully adjusted in proportion
to the talent there in use for weighing the precious metals,
these talents being different in different localities, but all
or nearly all traceable to a Babylonian origin.

The form of the ingot (flan) of most of the early coins
was bean-shaped or oval, except in Southern Italy, where
the earliest coins of the Achaean cities were flat and cir-
cular. The device (type) consisted usually of the figure
of an animal or of the fore-part of an animal, heads and
figures of gods and men being rare in the early period.
The reverse side of the coin does not at first bear a type,
but only the impress in the form of an intaglio or incuse
square of the upper of the two dies between which the
flan or ingot was fixed. The early coins of certain cities
of Magna Greecia above mentioned are characterised
however by having devices on both sides (generally
the same) on the obverse in relief and on the reverse
incuse.

The coins of the two centuries previous to the Persian
wars exhibit considerable varieties of style and execution.
In common with the other remains of archaic art which
have come down to us, and with which it is instructive to
compare them, they may be divided into two classes, of
which the earlier is characterised by extreme rudeness in
the forms and expressiveness in the actions represented,
the later, by a gradual development into more clearly
defined forms with angularity and stiffness. The eye of the
human face is always drawn, even when in profile, as if seen
from the front, the hair is generally represented by lines
of minute dots, the mouth wears a fixed and formal smile ;
but, withal, there is in the best archaic work a strength
and a delicacy of touch which is often wanting in the
fully developed art of a later age.

PERIOD 1. 3

To facilitate a comparison of the coins with the other
oontemporary productions of the plastic art, a list of some
of the chief artists and best known works of art is ap-
pended : —

Principal Artists :

Sicyon — Dipcenus and Scyllis of Crete, circ. B.C. 600 (?). Founders
of the earliest school of sculpture in marble.

^giua — Smilis.

Sparta — Gitiadas.

Magnesia — Bathycles, whose chief work was the throne of Apollo
at Amycls.

Argos — Ageladas.

iEgina — Gallon and Onatas.

Sicyon — Canachus and Aristocles.

Athens — Endceus, An tenor, and Hegias ; also Critias and Nesiotes,
the sculptors of the group of Harmodius and Ai'istogiton.

Principal extant Works :

The three oldest metopes of Selinus.

The marble statues known as *' Apollo " from Orchomenus, Thera

(at Athens), and Tenea (at Munich).
Two archaic statues of Apollo. British Museum.
The statues from the Sacred Way to the temple of Apollo at

Branchidae. British Museum.
Seated Athena attributed to Endoeus. Athens.
Stele of Aristion by Aristocles. Athens.
Harpy Tomb. British Museum.
Copy of Apollo of Canachus. British Museum.
Copy of group of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Naples.
The Thasos Reliefs. Paris.

B 2

PERIOD I. A.

I. A.

*1. Lydia. EL. 06t7. Striated surface. i?tftj. Oblong sinking between
two square sinkings. Babylonic stater. Wt. 166*8 grs.

This is the earliest known coin. B.C. circ. 700.

2. Lydia (?). EL. 06«. Raised square. iJew. Incuse square. Asiatic

half-stater. Wt. 110 grs.

3. Lydia (?). EL. Obv. Round shield (?) in high relief, divided diagon-

ally by two broad bands. Bev. Incuse square, containing a cruciform
ornament. Asiatic half-stater. Wt. 108*6 grs.

4. Uncertain. EL. Obv. Gorgon-head. Eev. Ornamented incuse.

Euboic stater. Wt. 124 grs.

5. Samos. EL. Obv. Lion's scalp. Bev. Oblong and triangular sink-

ings. Euboic stater. Wt. 133 grs.

The extremely archaic style of Nos. 4 and 5 marks the
first part of the seventh century B.C.

6. Miletus. EL. Obv, Fore-part of lion, with star over forehead.

Bev. Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Asiatic stater.
Wt. 217 grs.

Struck probably during the period of the highest
prosperity of Miletus, before b.c. 623.

*7. Halicamassus (?). EL. Obv. <t>ANOZ EMI ZHMA (retro-
grade in archaic letters), " I am the sign of Phanes." Stag feeding.
Bev. Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Asiatic stater.
Wt. 216*3 grs.

This is the earliest inscribed coin known. Phanes was
a Halicamassian, of no small account at the court of
Amasis, the king of Egypt, whose service, however, he
deserted for that of Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he
assisted in his invasion of Egypt, b.c. 525. This coin
may, however, have been struck at Halicamassus (where
it was found) by an ancestor of Phanes.

8. Chios. EL. Obv. Sphinx. Bev. Incuse square. Asiatic stater.

Wt. 217 grs.

9. oamos. EL. Obv, Fore-part of bull, looking back. Bev. Incuse

square. Asiatic stater. Wt. 217 grs.

A coin perhaps struck during the rule of Polycrates,
B.C. 530-520.

PERIOD I. A. O

10. Lesbos (?). EL. O&p. Lion's head. 22^. Incuaesquaie. Phocaic

stater. Wt. 248-5 grs.

11. Zeleia. EL. Obv. Chimaera. Sev. Two incuse squares. Phocaic

stater. Wt. 252*7 grs.

12. Cyzicus. EL. Obv. Tunny-fish and fillets. Fev. Two incuse

squares, one containing a scorpion. Phocaic stater. Wt. 252 grs.

Nos. 10, 11, and 12 may belong to the period imme-
diately preceding the reform of the coinage by Croesus,
circ. 560 B.C.

13. Sardes. M, Obo. Fore-parts of lion and bull face to face. Rev.

Two incuse squares. Euboic stater. Wt. 124 grs,

14. Sardes. Nf, Similar. \ stater. Wt. 42 grs.

15. Sardes. M, Similar. Babylonic stater. Wt. 159 grs.

16. Sardes. M, Similar. Siglus. Wt. 82*4 grs.

Nos. 13-16 are specimens of the gold and silver coinage
of Croesus, b.c. 668-654, which he substituted for the
previous coinage in electrum.

*17. Persia. Nf. Obv. The GTreat King holding bow and spear. Bev,
Incuse. Daric. Wt. 129 grs.

A Persian daric of the earliest style ; struck in the
reign of Darius I., B.C. 521-486.

18. Lampsacus. ^. Obv, Janiform female head. Rev, Head of

Pallas within an incuse square. Wt. 82 grs.

A coin of fine archaic style, probably as early as b.c. 480.

19. Tenedos. ^. Obv. Janiform head, male and female, Bacchus

Dimorphus (?). Bev. TENE. Double axe. Ttyidios ir4\§KV5,
Wt. 138 grs.

Aristotle (ap. Steph. Byz. s, v. Tenedos) refers this
type to a decree of a king of Tenedos, v^hich enacted that
all persons convicted of adultery should be beheaded. He
is, hov^ever, certainly wrong in this interpretation: as
Leake justly remarks, "such subjects were never repre-
sented on the money of the Greeks, their types, like their
names of men and women, were almost always euphemistic,
relating generally to the local mythology and fortunes of
the place, with symbols referring to the principal pro-
ductions, or to the protecting numina." The double axe
is one of the symbols of the worship of Dionysus.

6 PERIOD I. A.

20. Cyme (?). ^. Obv. Fore-part of horse. Eev. Two incuse squares

adorned with floral devices. Wt. 182 grs.

Extremely archaic- As early as the seventh centuiy B.C.

21. Clazomenae. JR. Obv. Lion devouring prey. Hev. Fore-part

of winged boar in incuse square. Wt. 266 grs.

Perhaps the earliest known coin of this rich Ionian city.
In the time of Croesus the Clazomenii had a treasury at
Delphi (Herod, i. 51). Like certain coins of Tenedos,
Methymna, &c., also having types on both sides, previous
to 480, this coin is of the Euboic standard.

22. Colophon. JR. Obv, Lyre. Mev. Incuse square. Wt. 126 grs.

A didrachm of the Euboic weight, struck before Colo-
phon fell into the hands of the Persians.

23. Phocsea. M, Obv, Seal (?hoc&), '' type parkmt" i2«?. Incuse

square. Wt. 58*5 grs.

This coin is contemporary with the earliest eleotrum
of Phocsea, struck in the time of Croesus, circ. b.c. 668
(cf. a stater in the Munich collection with the same type).
The Phoca3an Thalassocraoy lasted from about 602-568.

24. Teos. -51. Obv. Griffin. Eev. Incuse square. Wt. 183 grs.

The griffin is probably connected with the Asiatic
worship of Dionysus. The type also occui's on the coins
of Abdera, to which place most of the Teians removed
in 644. This coin is probably somewhat anterior to
that date.

25. SamoS. -51. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Itev. Incuse square. Wt.

39-1 grs.

Later in style than the electrum Nos. 5 and 9, but the
earliest known silver coin of this island.

26. Chersonesus. M. Obv. Lion's head and fore-leg; beneath, X.

Bev, XEP. Head and neck of bull. Wt. 183-4 grs.

27. Cnidus. -av. Obv. Similar. Eev. Head of Aphrodite in incuse

square. Wt. 96 grs.

Chersonesus and Cnidus in early times were two distinct
cities, but were afterwards united into one. The lion is
the symbol of the sun-god, the bull of the moon-goddess,
the A8iatic Aphrodite, whose head is seen on the coins of
Cnidus.

P^IOD I. K, 7

28. Uncertain. M. Obo. Lion's scalp facing. Riv. Rough incuiie.
Wt. 63 grs.

It is very doubtful whether this coin should bo given
to Saraos or to Gortyna, in Crete. It may be compared
for style with No. 33 of Lycia (''), but this also may be
Cretan, of Lyttus.

*29. Calymna. M. Obo. Bearded helmeted head. Rev. Lyre within
an incuse depression. Wt. 155 grs.

This head perhaps represents one of the Argive heroes
who were shipwrecked on this island after the Trojan War.
The style is rude, but the coin may not be much earlier
than B.C. 480, at which time Calymna was subject to
Artemisia I. of Halicarnassns.

30. Camirns. JSi, Obv. Fig-leaf. Rev. Incuse square in two oblong

divisions. Wt. 185 grs.

31. lalysus. M. 06r. Fore-part of winged boar. i?«>. lEAYZlON.

Eagle's head in incuse square. Wt. 223 grs.

The territory of the island of Rhodes was anciently di-
vided among the three cities Lindus, lalysus, and Camirus.
Of the above coins, that of Camirus is the earlier. It
exhibits the form of incuse peculiar to the Carian coasts.

32. Poseidion in Carpathus. M, Obv. Two dolphins. Rev.

Two oblong sinkings as on No. 30. Wt. 208 grs.

33. Lycia (?). ^. Obv. Boar's head. Rev. Incuse square. Wt.

64*4 grs.

34. Lycia. ^. . Obv. Fore-part of boar. Rev, Incuse square. Wt.

138-4 grs.

35. Lycia. JR, Obv. Boar walking. Rev. Incuse square, containing
triskelion ending in cocks* heads. Wt. 143*2 grs.

These three coins may serve to show the gradual pro-
gress of art in Lycia. It may be doubted whether No. 35
is previous to B.C. 480. The wild boar was plentiful in
parts of this district.

36. Phaselis. M, Obv. Prow of galley in form of boar's head. Rev.

<t>AZ. Stern of galley in incuse square. Wt. 171 grs.

The types are appropriate to a maritime city of the
importance of Phaselis, and jpaWawte; cf, ^/^ounyXos, " a skiflf."

37. Celenderis. M. Obv. Goat. Rev. Incuse square. Wt. 93 gi-s

Celenderis, on the coast of Cilicia, is said to have been
an ancient settlement of the Phoenicians, but Greeks from
Samos settled there in the sixth century b.c.

8 PERIOD I. B.

I. B.

1. Thrace or Thasos. A/". Obv. Centaur carrying off a nymph.

Rev. Incuse. Phocaic stater. Wt. 252-5 grs.

This remarkable gold stater of the Pangeean district of
Thrace or of Thasos is of the same weight-standard as
the early electrum or gold of the Lydian kings before
Croesus.

2. Thrace. Zseelii. M, Obv. lAIEAEON. Centaur carrying off

a nymph. Eev. Flat incuse square. Wt. 141*3 grs.

3. Thasos. iR. Obv, Satyr kneeling with a nymph in his arms.

Eev. Incuse square. Wt. 150*2 grs.

4. Lete. ^. Obv. Satyr standing opposite a nymph and holding her

by the wrist. Eev. Incuse. Wt. 152*6 grs.

6. Lete. JR, Similar, but of finer work. Wt. 146*6 grs.

The types of the above coins all refer to the worship of
the rude forces of nature symbolised in the orgiastic rites
of the Thracian Bacchus and his following (Centaurs,
Satyrs, Maenads, &o.). Mt. Fangaeum, on the summit of
which was the famous oracle of Bacchus, was the religious
centre of the Thracian mining tribes, whose coinage
spread over the whole district north of Chalcidice, from
the Nestos in the east to the Haliacmon in the west,
before the time of the Persian wars.

6. Neapolis. JR. Obv, Gorgon-head. Eev. Incuse. Wt. 147 grs.

Neapolis, opposite Thasos, was the port of the Pangaean
district. Its coins follow the standard of the neighbouring
mining tribes and of Thasos.

7. Acanthus. ^, Obv, Lion devouring bull. Eev. Incuse square.
Wt. 268 grs.

All the early coins of the cities of Chalcidice follow
the Attic standard. That there were lions in this district
at the time of the Persian wars we learn from Hero-
dotus, who relates how they came down from the moun-
tains and seized upon the beasts of burden in the army of
Xerxes.

PERIOD I. B. y

8. Mende. JR* Oho. Crow on the back of an ass ; in the background,

a vine- R^v. Incuse. Wt. 263-5 grs.

The Dionysiao types on the coinage of this city refer
to the famous MendJean wine.

9. Potidaea. M>, Obv. Poseidon Hippios, on horseback, holding tri-

dent ; beneath, star. i?«c. Incuse. Wt. 271*2 grs.

This type is perhaps copied from the sacred image of
Poseidon which Herodotus (viii. 129) mentions as standing
in front of the city.

10. Terone. M, Obv. Amphora. . Jiev. Incuse. Wt. 25G-4 grs.

This coin is restruck on a tetradrachm of Acanthus.

11. Dic8Ba. JR. Obv. Cow scratching herself. Eev. Incuse. Wt.

38-3 grs.

Dic8Ba in Chalcidice was a colony of Eretria in Euboea,
whence its coin-types are derived.

12. Uncertain. M, Obv. Pegasus standing. Sev. Incuse. Wt.

209-8 grs.

13. Uncertain. JR. Obv. Pegasus galloping, with dog beneath him.

Eev. Incuse. Wt. 207 grs.

These coins were both procured at Salonica, and may
have been struck at the ancient Therma, before that city
was incorporated in the Macedonian kingdom.

14. BisaUae. M, Obv. BIZAATIKON. Man carrying two spears

standing on the further side of a horse. Eev. Flat incuse square.
Octadrachm. Wt. 422-9 grs.

15. Edoni. Getas, king. M. 06v. Man between two bulls. Hev.

TETAZ HAONEON BAZIAEYZ. Incuse square. Octa-
drachm. Wt. 417-8 grs.

16. Orrescii. M. Obv. ORREZKION. Similar type. JRev. In-

cuse. Octadrachm. Wt. 440*3 grs.

*17. Odomantl (?). ^. Obv. Bearded charioteer, in wicker-sided car
drawn by oxen. In field above, helmet ; beneath oxen, flower.
Bev. Triquetra of human legs ; between them, floral ornaments.
Dodecadrachm. Wt. 624*3 grs.

The BisaltaB, Edoni, Orrescii, Odomanti, &c., were
Thraoian tribes, who dwelt in the valleys of the Strymon
and the Angites, to the north of the Pangssan range.

10 PERIOD I. B.

The Orrescii probably also occupied a portion of that
range, as some of their coins follow the Babylonio standard.
The large octadrachms, (fee. of these peoples belong to
the Graeco- Asiatic standard introduced from Abdera. When
Alexander I. of Macedon took possession of the Bisaltian
territory, about B.C. 480, he adopted the Bisaltian coin
types, and appears to have put an end to all coinages
within his dominions except his own.

18. Corcyra. JR, Obv. Cow snckling calf. Bev. Two oblong sink-

ings, within which, ornament called Gardens of Alcinoiis. Wt.
170 grs.

The Corcyreans identified their island with the Scberia
of Homer, inhabited by the Pheeacians and their king
Alcinous.

19. Phocis. JR, Obv. Bucranium. i2«t?. Incuse square. Wt. 44grs.

20. 1 nebes. JR. Obv. Bceotian shield. Jtev. A wheel of four spokes,

an archaic form of the letter ©, within a deep incuse. Wt.
190 grs.

21. HjUboea. JR, Obv. Wheel of four spokes. Jtev. Incuse square,

divided diagonally. Wt. 126 grs.

The wheel is the badge of Ohalcis in Euboea.

22. Euboea or Ceos. JR. Obv. Amphora. Rev. Incuse square,

divided diagonally. Wt. 127 grs.

This vase occurs also on coins of Ceos of the ^ginetic
standard ; and it is not improbable that the first coins of
that island were Euboic in weight.

23. Euboea. m. Obv. Bucranium. £ev. Similar to precedine. Wt.

133-7 grs.

The bucranium may allude to the name of the island.

24. Euboea. JR. Obv. Gorgon-head. Hev, Similar, but a panther's

head in one of the triangular divisions of the sunk square. Wt.
131-6 grs.

25. Euboea. JR. Ohv. Gorgon-head. Rev. Bucranium in incuse

square. Wt. 254*3 grs.

The above coins, Nos. 21-25, were formerly attributed
to Athens before the time of Solon, but they have been
recently restored by Prof. E. Curtius to Euboea. The
gorgon-head is probably the type of the city of Eretria,

PERIOD I. B. 11

as the wheel is of Ghalcis. The tetradraohm, No. 25,
prohably dates from the time when the Pisistratidsd were
exiles in Eubcea.

26. Athens (?}. JR. Obv. Owl to left. Eev. IncnM square, diagonally
divided. Wt. 124 grs.

*27. Athens. M. 06o. Head of Pallaa. Eev. AQE. Owl and olive
branch in incuse square. Wt. 264*8 grs.

28. Athens. M, Similar. Wt. 257 grs.

These two ietradrachms are fine examples of the archaic
style of art in Hellas. It is probable that they are not
much later than the time of Solon, or, in other words, of
about the middle of the sixth century b.c. At this remote
period Athens seems to have been the only city which
made use of double dies (reverse as well as obverse) for
the coinage.

29. ^gma. JR, Obv, Sea-tortoise. JRev. Incuse square, divided into

eight compartments. Wt. 192 grs.

Phidon, king of Argos circ. b.c. 668, was the first to
introduce the art of coinage into European Greece. He is
said to have coined his money in the island of iCgina.
The sea-tortoise is a symbol of Astarte, the Phoenician
goddess of trade. It is probable that the .^ginetic
standard is also of Phoeaician origin.

30. Connth. ^. Obv. Pegasus prancing; beneath, koppa. Bev.

Incuse square, divided into eight triangular compartments. Wt.
128-3 grs.

This is the earliest coinage of Corinth. It may date
from the time of Periander, b.o. 625-685.

31. Corinth. JR. Obv. Pegasus standing; beneath, koppa. Rev.

Incuse of peculiar form, resembling a mseander pattern. Wt.
131-3 grs.

These thin flat coins of Corinth are also of a very early
period, though later than the preceding.

32. Crete. CnosSUS. JR. Obv. The Minotaur, in the shape of a man

with the head of a bull, kneeling on one knee and holding a stone
in his hand. Hev, Labyrinth of mseander pattern, the four corners
consisting of deep incuse squares. Wt. 184*8 grs.

This is an early representation of the famous labyrinth
built by Daedalus, the home of the Minotaur.

12 PERIOD I. B.

33. CeOS. Goresia. JR. 06d. Cuttle-fish and dolphin. i?<?». Incuse
similar to that of No. 30. Wt. 180 grs.

The coinage of Ceos at first followed the Enboic stan-
dard. This coin of Goresia is of the -ffiginetio weight,
and of about the middle of the sixth century.

84. Naxos. JR, Obv. Cantharus wreathed with ivy and grapes. Mev.
Incuse square. Wt. 187 grs.

35. Paros. JR. Obv, Goat kneeling and looking back. Bev. Incuse

square, in eight triangular compartments. Wt. 187 '5 grs.

36. Siphnos. JR. Obv, Eagle flying. Bev. Similar to preceding.

Wt. 197 grs.

The early coins of the Oyclades are all of this globular
fabric, and follow the iEginetio standard.

PERIOD I. C. 13

I. O.

1. Etruria. Populonia. JR. Ohv. Gorgoa-head, beneath which

X (mark of value). Rev, Plain. Wt. 129-5 gn.

This is one of the most ancient coins of Etruria. Both
the weight-standard and the type of this Etruscan money
seems to be derived from Euboea (c£ I. B. 24).

2. Campania. Cumw. JR. Obv. Head of nymph. Bev. KYME.

Mussel with marine plant. Wt. 117-2 grs.

The coins of the Carapanian cities are from the earliest
times struck on both sides.

*3. Calabria. Tarentum. M. Obv, TARA^ (retrograde). Apollo
Hyacinthius kneeling, holding lyre and flower. Eev. Same ty))e
incuse. Wt. 111*6 grs.

4. Tarentum. ^. O&v. Same inscription. Tar as riding on dolphin ;

beneath, scallop shell. Bev. Same type incuse. Wt. 123 grs.

The oldest coins of Tarentum, with those of many of the
neighbouring Greek cities of Southern Italy, are distin-
guished from all other early Greek coins by their having,
instead of the plain incuse square, an incuse type on the
reverse. All the coins of this style are probably anterior
to B.C. 500.

5. Tarentum. M. Obv. Similar. Bev, Wheel. Wt. 122 grs.

6. Tarentum. JR. Obv, TARAf, Taras riding on dolphin, holding

cuttle-fish. i?ev. TAR Ay (retrograde). Sea-horse ; beneath, scallop
shell. Wt. 124-5 gis.

7. Tarentum. JR. Obv, Head of Taras, of archaic style, wearing

necklace. Bev. TARA^. Taras seated on dolphin ; beneath, scallop
shell. Wt. 122 grs.

We learn from Aristotle that the youthful figure seated
on the dolphin, which is the most common type on the
coins of this city, was intended for Taras, a son of
Poseidon, from whom the city is said to have derived its
name.

8. Lucania. Laiis. M. Obv. FAFf. Man-headed bull, looking

back. Bev, NOM. Same type incuse. Wt. 120*9 grs.

The inscription on this coin, AAFINOZ, is begun on the
obverse and completed on the reverse.

14 PERIOD I. C.

9. Laiis. JR, Obv. AA^ (retrograde). Man-headed bull, looking
back ; in exergue, acorn. Eev. Same inscription. Man-headed bull.
Wt. 123-7 grs.

10,11. Metapontum. M, Obv. META. Ear of com. i?«?. Same
type incuse. Wt. 124-2 and 123-8 grs.

No. 11, which is less spread than No. 10, is re-struck
upon a Corinthian stater similar to I. B. 31. The ear of
corn refers to the fertility of the territory of Metapontum,
which was so great that the people of Metapontum were
able to dedicate at Delphi ** a golden harvest " (Strab. vi.
264).

12. Posidonia. M, Obv. MOn = nOZ (retrograde). Poseidon
naked but for chlamys, which hangs across his shoulders, wielding
trident. Hev. Same type incuse, except inscription, which is in raised
letters. Wt. 115*5 grs.

*13. Posidonia. M, Obv. nOME^AAN^ATAM (iroo-ciSoyiaTas).
Similar type. Eev. FIOMEIAA. Bull. Wt. 122 grs.

At Posidonia, as at the other Achsean towns of
Southern Italy, the flat coins with an incuse type on the
reverse give place at an early period to pieces of smaller
dimensions, thicker, and having a type in relief on both
sides.

14. Siris and Pyxus. JR. Obv. MOVS^q^M ((rtp«/os). Bull,

with head turned back. Mev. FIV+OEM (irv|<j6$). Same type
incuse. Wt. 120-5 grs.

Monetary alliances of this kind between two towns
are not unusual in the sixth century in Southern Italy.
The reverse inscription, Hv^ov^, is the name of the town in
the nominative ; ^iptvos is an adjective, also in the nomina-
tive case ; sub. vovfifio's,

15. Sybaris. M, Obv. VM (2v). Bull, with head turned back.

JRev. Same type incuse. Wt. 121*8 grs.

Sybaris was colonized from Achaea about B.C. 720, and it
enjoyed unexampled prosperity until b.c. 610, when it was
destroyed by Croton.

16. Velia. M. 06c. VEAH. Female head, of archaic style. Eev,

Lion, above which B. Wt. 123*5 grs.

Velia was founded in b.c. 644, by the Pbocaeans

PERIOD I. C. 15

who left their native city rather than suhmit 1o the
Persians. The lion is a common type on coins of the Pho-
C8Ban colonies.

*17. Bruttii. Caulonia. M. Obv. KAVA. Apollo, naked, hold-
ing in his raised right hand a branch, and on his outstretched left
arm a small running figure with winged feet, which also holds a
branch; in front, a stag, looking back. Jiev. Same type incuse,
but small figure wanting. Wt. 128 grs.

The meaning of this type is obscnre.

18. Caulonia. M, Obv. KAVA (retrograde). Similar type. Rev.

Same inscription. Stag; in field, branch. Wt. 122-6 grs.

The same change of fabric is noticeable here as on coins
of Tarentum, Nos. 4 and 5; Latis, 8 and 9; Posidonia,
12 and 13.

19. Croton. M, Obv. 9PO. Tripod. Bev, Same type, incuse. Wt.

115*7 grs.

20. Croton. -^ Obv. Same inscription and type. Eev. Flying eagle,

incuse. Wt. 123 6 grs.

The earliest coins of Ci oton, an Achsean colony founded
about B.C. 700, resemble in fabric those of the other
Achsean cities, but, unlike those of Caulonia, Sybaris, <fec.,
the series of its money is prolonged to a late period.

21. Croton and Sybaris. JR. Obv. Same inscription and type.

Eev. VM (Xv). Bull, looking back. Wt. 1239 grs.

This federal money of Croton and Sybaris together is of
great value, as an indication of the style and fabric in use
before the great war which terminated, B.C. 510, in the
destruction of Sybaris.

22. Iihegium. JR. Obv. Charioteer in biga drawn by mules. Rev .

R EC I N O N (retrograde). Hare. Wt. 261 -3 grs.

Aristotle states that Anaxilaus, tyrant of Ehegium b.c.
494-476, having gained a victory at Olympia with the
mule-car, aTrqvrj, struck coins for Bhegium on which the
mule-car was represented. This is one of the coins alluded
to by the philosopher.

16 PERIOD I. C.

23. Terina. JR. Obv. TEP^NA. Head of Nike(?). Bev. N^KA

(retrograde). Nike Apteros, wearing long chiton, with diplo'is,
standing. She holds branch. The whole in olive-wreath. Wt.
123-5 grs.

Terina was a colony of Croton. Its coins are of great
beauty, but little is known of its history.

24. Sicily. Agrigentum. M, Obv. AKRACANTOZ. Eagle.

Eev. Crab. Wt. 129-5 grs.

*25. Catana. JR. Obv. Man-headed bull ; above, water-fowl ; beneath,
river-fish. Eev KATANAION. Nike, holding wreath, walking
to the left. Wt. 266-8 grs.

This coin of Catana belongs to the period before B.C.
476, when the inhabitants were expelled by Hiero I. of
Syracuse, and the name of the city changed to -^tna.

26. Gela. JR. Obv. <EAAZ. Fore-part of man-headed bull (River-

god). Eev. Quadriga, the horses crowned by flying Nike. Wt.
265 grs.

Gelon, the tyrant of Gela, conquered in the chariot-race
at Olympia, in B.C. 488. The reverse-type of this coin
may commemorate the event.

27. Himera. JR. Obv. Cock. Eev. Four incuse triangles arranged

like the sails of a mill. Wt. 89'5 grs.

The most ancient coins of the towns Himera, Naxus,
and Zancle in Sicily, and Khegium and Cumea in Italy,
follow the -^ginetic standard. All these cities are Chal-
cidic colonies. The coins of this standard struck at
Himera are all previous to B.C. 481, when TLeron of Agri-
gentum seized Himera and introduced the Attic standard.

28. Leontini. JR. Obv. Quadriga, the horses crowned by Nike. Eev.

AEONTINON. Lion's head with open jaws ; around, four barley-
corns. Wt. 264-3 grs.

This coin belongs, like No. 26 of Gela, to the time when
Gelon was master of Leontini. The lion's head on the
reverse is a type parlant.

29. Zancle. JR. Obv. DANKLE. Dolphin within a curved object

representing the harbour of Zancle. Eev. Shallow incuse, divided
into several compartments ; in the centre, a shell. Wt. 85*6 grs.

The name of Zancle was derived from the old Sicilian
word Dancle, a sickle, and had reference to the form of the
harbour. The town was afterwards called Messana.

PERIOD I. C. 17

30. Messana. JR. Obv. Head of lion, facing. Sev, ME88ENION.

Calfs head. Wt. 2671 gw.

After the taking of Miletus, b.c. 494, a band of Samians
sailed to Sicily, and under the advioe of Anaxilans of
Bhegium seized the city of Zande. Anaxilans soon after-
wards sent a mixed colony to Zancle, and changed its name
to Messana. The Samian types of this coin show that it
dates from this period, circ. B.C. 490-480.

31. Naxus. 2R. Obv. Head of Dionysus, with pointed beard and long

hair, wearing ivy-wreath. JRev, NAXION. Bunch of grapes. Wt.
87-2 grs.

Naxus was conquered by Hippocrates of Oela, in b.c.
498. The earliest coins of this city of ^ginetic weight
are anterior to this conquest.

32. Segesta. ^. Obv. Hound looking back ; above, shell, murex. Rev,

ZECEZTAXIB. Head of Trojan damsel Segesta. Wt. 127*3 grs.

This city was said to have been founded by Egestus
(the Acestes of Virgil), the son of Segesta, by the river-
god Crimissus, who appeared to her in the form of a dog.

33. Selinus. JR. Obo. Selinon-leaf. Rev, Incuse square of twelve

divisions, the alternate ones deeper. Wt. 128 grs.

This city derived its name from the plant selinon
(parsley) which grew there in abundance.

34. Syracuse. M, Obv, ^VRA. Quadriga. Rev. Incuse square,

divided into four quarters ; in the centre an incuse circle contains
a female head of archaic style. Wt. 267*4 grs.

This tetradradhm belongs to the time of the oligarchy
of the G^eomori, who ruled Syracuse before Gelon became
tyrant there in b.c. 485.

36. Syracuse. M, Obo. ZYRAQOZION. Female head, of fine
archaic style, surrounded by four dolphins. Rev. Quadriga, above
which Nike alighting upon the yoke, and placing her hand upon the
head of one of the horses. Wt. 263'6 grs.

The delicate work of this coin is extremely remarkable
for the time (the reign of Gelon, b.c. 485-478) to which it
belongs. The head surrounded by dolphins is that of the
nymph Arethusa. The Olympian victory of Gelon is
commemorated here, as at Gela, by the Victory, who
crowns the horses of the chariot.

18 PERIOD II.

PERIOD II.— CIRCA B.C. 480-400.

The coins of this period, which coincides with that of
the Athenian supremacy, may be divided broadly into two
classes, (a) those which resemble more or less the archaic
coins of reriod I., and (yS) those which border upon the
coins of the fully developed art of Period III.

As a geographical oi der is adhered to in each section,
early and late coins within the above limits are some-
times to be found side by side.

In Asia Minor the important commercial city of
Cyzicus, on the Propontis, gradually obtained something
like a monopoly of coining electrum, the Great King
retaining in his own hands that of coining pure gold.

In European Greece the Athenian coinage had by far
the largest circulation, and obtained so high a reputation,
not only in Europe, but even in the far East, for purity of
metal and accurate weight that it was found unadvisable
to make any improvement in the types lest its circu-
lation should be affected.

The Corinthian money had also a wide circulation,
chiefly however towards the West. The coins of Elis,
unlike those of Athens and Corinth, present a great
number of types and a continued development in style.

In Italy the coinage of Tarentum is the richest. In
Sicily Syracuse affords a larger variety of types than any
other Greek city, and on this series the progress in style
from archaic to fine art may be traced step by step.

During this transitional period a great advance is
noticeable in the technical skill with which the dies of
the coins are prepared. The rude incuse square is gene-
rally superseded by a regular incuse square, containing
sometimes a device, sometimes a more or less orna-
mental quartering, together with the name of the city
or of the magistrate under whose jurisdiction the coin
was issued. In Asia Minor the incuse square is for the
most part retained down to a later date than in European
Greece.

Artistically the devices on the coinage of this period
are characterised by an increased delicacy in the render-

PERIOD II. 19

ing of details and a true understanding of the anatomical
structure of the human body, and towards the close of
the period by greater freedom of movement, every effort
being then directed to realize ideal conceptions, a com-
plete mastery of technical skill having been attained
during the preceding transitional stage.

The chief sculptors with whose works the coins of this
period are contemporary are the following : —

Class a. Sicyon — Canachns and Aristocles.

^gina — Gallon and Onatas.

Argos — ^Ageladas, B,C. 508-452.

Rheginm — Pythagoras, before B.C. 450.

Athens — Calamis and Myron.
Class fi. Athens — ^Myron, Phidias and Alcamenes.

Peloponnesus — Polycletus, Pseonius of Mende.

The principal extant works are : —

Class a. The sculptures of the temple of Athena at JEgina.

Munich. Casts in British Museum.
Class fi. Marble copy of Myron's Discobolus in the Palazzo

Massimi, Rome. Another in British Museum.
Parthenon sculptures. British Museum.
The Sculptures of the Theseium and of the Temple of

Nike Apteros. Athens.
Sculptures of the Temple of Zeus. Olympia. Casts in

Berlin.
Metopes of the third temple at Selinus. Palermo.
The frieze of the temple of Apollo at Phigaleia. British

Museum.

c 2

20 PERIOD II. A.

II. A.

1, 2. Persia. A/", dario (wt. 129 grs.), and M, siglos(wt. 84 grs.).
As I. A. 17, but of later style,

3. Uncertain electrum stater. Obv. Horse prancing; beneath,

flower. Hev, Incuse square, quartered. Wt. 215*3 grs.

4. Uncertain electrum stater. Obv. Sow. Hev. Incuse square,

quartered. Wt. 216 grs.

5. Uncertain electrum stater. Obv. Cock, above which, floral

ornament. Mev. Incuse square, quartered. Wt. 216 grs.

These three staters of the Milesian standard appear to
be of later date than Nos. 8 and 9 of Period I. They are
not to be confounded with the Cyzicenes, which follow a
dififerent monetary system.

6-19. Cyzicus, &o, EL.

Electrum staters of Cyzicus, of early style. Cyzicus
appears to have had a monopoly of coining these staters
and the hectse, which circulated in immense numbers
throughout the ancient world from about B.C. 478 down
to 387, and perhaps later. They are frequently men-
tioned both by writers and in inscriptions. The tunny-
fish is the mint-mark of Cyzicus ; the types are extremely
numerous. Of the above, the most interesting are No. 12,
which represents the two golden eagles on the omphalos
of Apollo at Delphi, which are mentioned by Pindar
(Pyth. iv. 4), and No. *14, Cecrops, half man and half
serpent, holding an olive-branch. The weight of the stater
is about 248 grs. No. 15 is a hecte of Cyzicus (wt. 41
grs.), Nos. 16-19, hectsB of Phocasa (wt. 40-38 grs.); the
mint- mark on these being a small seal in addition to the
coin type. No 17 has also the head of a seal as the badge
of Phocsea. The hectse of Phocsea of this period are of
comparatively pure metal, but afterwards they obtained a
bad reputation throughout Greece for the base character
of the gold of which they were composed. Hesychius, 8. v,
<l>(OKats ... TO KOLKicrTov xpvcrCov.

PERIOD II. A. 21

20. Sinope. M, Obv, Head of OTinph Sinope. Bev. UNO. Sea

eagle carrying dolphin in his talons Wt. 88*4 g^s.

Sinope was the wealthiest Greek city on the coasts of
the Euxine, of which its fleet was mistress as far as the
entrance of the Bosporus. On its currency the city is
likened to a sea-eagle seizing its prey in the waters.

21. Anoore. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Set. A. Anchor. Magis-

trate's name. Wt. 226*4 grs.

22. Anoore. JR, Obv. Anchor. Hev. Gorgon-head. Wt. 50 grs.

It is usual to assign these coins to Abydos, but the A
and the anchor (a type parlant) render it probable that
they are of Ancore, the chief town of Bithynia. It bore
in later times the name of Nicaea.

23. Lampsacus. EL. . Obv, Half sca4ior8e, in vine-wreath. Hcv.

Incuse square. Wt. 235 grs.

One of the " Lampsacene staters " mentioned in Attic
inscriptions, together with staters of Cyzicus. About the
end of the fifth century these coins were superseded by
a currency in pure gold. The sea-horse is a symbol of
Poseidon.

24. Fordosilene. JR. Obv, Head of Apollo, wearing tenia. Bev,

nOPAOZiA. Lyre, in incuse square. Wt. 61 grs.

Fordosilene was one of the little islands called Hecaton-
nesi in the channel between Lesbos and the mainland.

25. Dardanus. M, Obv. Figure on horseback. Hev, A A P. Cock,

in incuse square. Wt. 72*7 grs.

The reverse of this coin bears a monogram composed of
the letters m, on which account it is attributed to Zenis,
satrap of -ffiolis, under Artaxerxes Mnemon. The figure
on horseback is supposed by some to represent the famous
queen Mania, his wife, and successor in the satrapy.

26. Scepsis. JR, Obv, ZKH YION. Half sea-horse. Hev. Palm-

tree and grapes. Wt. 59 grs.

Scepsis had belonged to Mania, but after her death
Dercyllidas the Spartan got possession of this town, and
restored the sovereign power to the citizens, B.C. 399.
This is probably the date of the coin.

22 PERIOD ir. A.

♦27. Methymna. M. Obv. Boar. Hev. Head of Pallas, her
helmet adorned with Pegasus. MA0YMNAIOZ, in archaic
characters, on both sides. Wt. 124*6 grs.

The pure archaic style of the head of Pallas, the
ancient forms of the letters, and the Euboic weight of
the coin, mark it as not much, if at all, later than
B.C. 480.

28. Mytllene. JR, Obv. Two calves' heads face to face ; between

them a tree. Hev. Incuse square. Wt. 169 grs.

This coin, in spite of its globular form, is not of archaic
work ; neither is the metal pure. It seems, therefore, to
belong to the latter part of the fifth century.

29. ClazomenaB. JR. Obv. Forepart of winged boar. Rev. Incuse

square. Wt. 108 grs.

An early coin, but probably not before B.C. 480, and
later than No. 21 of Period I. A., notwithstanding the fact
that the reverse bears no type.

30. Colophon. M, 0&t>. K0A04>nN ION (retrograde). Head of
Apollo, laureate. Hev. Lyre in incuse square. Wt. 83 grs.

A coin of Colophon under Persian rule ; the weight is
that of the Persian siglos, and the style of art transi-
tional.

31. Ephesus. JR. Obv. E4>EZION. Bee. Rev. Incuse square.

Wt. 205 grs.

This Ephesian silver stater belongs to the early years
of Period II. The bee is connected with the worship of
the Ephesian Artemis, and was the badge of the city.

*32. ErythrSB. JR. Obv. Naked youth holding in a prancing horse,
which is stung by a bee or wasp. Rev. EPY©. Flower in incuse
square. Wt. 72 grs.

A coin of the best transitional style; the bee is pro-
bably only the symbol of a magistrate.

33. Teos. JR. Obv. Griffin with forepaw raised; above, a bearded

mask. Rev, Incuse square. Wt. 178 grs.

34. Chios. JR. Obv. Sphinx, seated before amphora, above which,

bunch of grapes. Rev. Incuse square. Wt. 235*7 grs.

Chios was famed for its wine, and the Sphinx is a
symbol of Dionysus. This stater is not of the first
currency of the island, but belongs to the period of the
Athenian dominion, B.C. 478-412.

PERIOD II. A. 23

35. Samos. JR, Oho. Lion's scalp. Rev. 2A. Forepart of bull,

in incuse 8quai*e. Wt. 203 grs.

A coin of the latter end of the fifth century.

36. Cos. jSi, Obv. KOZ. Apollo beating the cymbal, and dancing

before tripod. Rev. Crab in incase square. Wt. 250 grs.

Cos, Lindus, lalysus, Camirus, and Cnidns made up the
Dorian Pentapolis. I'he temple of the Triopian Apollo
near Cnidus was the central point of this union.

37. Termera. JR. Obv. TYMNO. Herakles kneeling. Rev.

TEPMEPIKON. Lion's head in incuse square. Wt. 72*4 grs.

This highly interesting little coin was procured by
Mr. Newton in the island of Cos. The obverse bears the
name of Tymnes, a despot of Termera about the middle
of the fifth century. He was probably a son of Histieeus
the son of Tymnes of Termera, whom Herodotus men-
tions as serving in the fleet of Xerxes in b.c. 480.

38. Lycia. ^, Obv. Head of Pallas. Rev. Head of Persian satrap

in incase circle. Wt. 129 grs.

The head of the Persian satrap on this coin is, if a
portrait, the earliest which occurs on a coin. The date,
judging by style, is about b.c. 400.

*39. Aspendus. JR, Obv. Warrior armed with shield and spear
(style archaic). Rev. EZP. Triskelion or Three-legs, and lion,
both running, the whole in incuse square. Wt. 163 grs.

The triskelion is supposed by some to be a symbol of
the sun. This opinion is borne out by its combination on
this coin with the lion, a well-known solar symbol.

40. Cyprus. JR. Obv. Bull, above which the Egyptian winged

scarabseus, and in front the crux ansata ; beneath, in the Cyprian
character, ARI. Rev. Eagle with spread wings, in incuse square.
Wt. 168-5 grs.

This is a coin of a king of Paphos (?), called perhaps
Aristokypros. Egyptian and Persian symbols are fre-
quent on Cyprian monuments. The Cyprians derived
them from the Phoenicians.

41. Cyprus. iR. Obv. Ram, accompanied by the name of Euelthon,

in the Cyprian character. Rev. Crux ansata in incuse square.
Wt. 169-5 grs.

Euelthon was one of the Teukrid kings of Salamis.
The ram is a symbol of Aphrodite Pandemos.

24 PERIOD II. A.

42. Cyprus. JR. Obv. Herakles, with bow nnd club, advancing ; the

lion's skin hangs behind him. Bev. BAALMELEK, in Phoenician
characters. Lion, seated. Wt. 166 grs.

43. Cyprus. JR. Obv. Similar. Hev. AZBAAL, in Phoenician

characters. Lion devouring stag. Wt. 169-6 grs.

Baalmelek (448-410) and Azbaal (410-387) were Phoe-
nician kings of Citium in Cyprus. They, shared the
hegemony of the island with the Greek kings of Salamis.

PERIOD II. B. 25

11. B.

1. Abdera. M. Obv. ZMOP. Griffin; in the field, a dancing

satyr. Jfev. Incuse square. Wt. 230'5 grs.

The griffin on the coins of Abdera is derived from the
money of Teos (see above, I. A. 24). The name of the
magistrate, Smordotormus, is apparently Thracian.

2. ^nilS. . JR, Obv. Head of Hermes, of fine transitional style.

Sev, Al N I . Goat ; in field, ivy leaf within crescent. Wt. 2489 grs.

3. Byzantium. JR. Obv. T'Y. Cow standing on dolphin. Eev.

Incuse square, granulated. Wt. 229*9 grs.

The type of the coins of Byzantium is almost identical
with that of those of Chaloedon, on the opposite side of
the Bosporus, the name of which is referred to the cow,
lo, who is fabled to have crossed here from one continent
to the other.

4. Maronea. Obv, MA PON. Horse, prancing ; above, canthar us.

Jiev. Em MHTPOAOTO. Vine enclosed in square. Wt.
212-6 grs.

Maron, the mythical founder of this city, was a grand-
son of Bacchus. Maronea was famous for the excellence
of its wine.

5. Seuthes I. ^- Obv. Armed horseman. Eev. ZEYOA

KOM M A. (The striking of Seuthes.) Wt. 132-5 grs.

Seuthes, king of the Thracian Odrysaa, succeeded
Sitalces b.c. 424. He was friendly to the Athenians, who
admitted him to the privileges of citizenship. Another
coin of Seuthes is known, reading ZEY0A APrVPION-

6. Thasos. JR. Obv. Satyr, kneeling, with a nymph in his arms.

Bev. Incuse square. Wt. 129 grs.

7. Thasos. JR. Obv. Head of bearded Bacchus, wearing wreath of

ivy. Bev. 0AZION. Herakles,- drawing bow. Wt. 229-1 grs.

The remarkable change of fabric, as well as standard,
in the coinage of Thasos, which is noticeable in com-
paring Nos. 6 and 7, probably took place about b.c. 411,
when the democracy in the island was overthrown.

26 PERIOD II. B.

8. Acanthus. JR. Obv. Lion devouring bull. £ev. AKAN0ION.
A square, the four quarters of which are granulated. Wt. 219*5 grs.

About the year B.C. 424, the time of Brasidas, the
Chalcidian towns generally exchange the Attic for the
GrsBco-Asiatic standard. This coin of Acanthus is of
the later system, after B.C. 424.

*9, Mende. JR. Obv. Silenus on ass ; in front, crow seated in a vine,
and beneath ass, a dog. Mev. MENAAiON. Vine with grapes.
Wt. 260 grs.

A tetradrachm of the Attic standard, struck about the
middle of the fifth century B.C.

10. Olynthus. JR. Obv, Charioteer driving quadriga. Bev. Eagle

flying, in incuse square. Wt. 255*6 grs.

This is an archaic tetradrachm of the important city of
Olynthus, struck soon after B.C. 479, when the Bottiaeans
were expelled from Olynthus and the Chalcidian popula-
tion restored by Artabazus. The type may commemorate
an Olympian victory in the chariot race.

11. Alexander I. of Macedon, b.c. 498-454. M. Obv. Man

carrying two spears, standing on the farther side of a horse. Bev.
AAcZANAPO, round an incuse square, containing a quadri-
partite square. Wt. 447*5 grs.

An octadrachm of Alexander I., of the type and
standard of the coins of the Bisaltse; struck after his
acquisition of the Bisaltian silver mines in 480.

12. Archelaus I., B.C. 413-399. JR, Obv. Horseman wearing

kausia and chlamys, and armed with two spears. Hev. APXEAAO.
Forepart of goat to right, in incuse square. Wt. 157*5 grs.

13. Larissa. JR. Obv. Man seizing bull by the horns. Rev. AAPIZAI.

Horse galloping ; the whole in incuse square. Wt. 94 grs.

The Thessalian youths were renowned for their skill in
catching bulls and taming horses.

14. Corey ra. JR. Obv. Cow suckling calf. Rev. KOP. So-called

gardens of Alcinoiis. Wt. 169 grs.

Cf. I. B. 18.

15—18. Thebes. JR. Obv. Boeotian buckler. Bev. Incuse square,
in which — (1^) ©EBA. Harmonia, daughter of Ares and
Aphrodite, and wife of Cadmus, seated, holding helmet. Wt. 185 grs.

PERIOD II. B. 27

(16) ©EB. Herakles, walking, holding bow and club. Wt.

185 grs. (17) ©EBAIO/. Herakles stringing his bow. Wt.

188 grs. (18^ ©EBAION. Herakles carrying off the Delphic
tripod. Wt. 184 grs.

These Theban coins are fine examples of the transi-
tional style of art.

19-23. Athens. Obv, Head of Athena. Bev. A0E. Owl and olive-
branch, in incuse square. (19) Decadrachm (wt. 659 grs.);

(20) Tetradrachm (wt. 265 grs.); *(21) Didrachm (wt.
129 grs.) ; (22) Drachm (wt. 65 grs.) ; (23) Hemidrachm

(wt. 32-5 grs.).

It is instructive to compare these coins with I. B. 27, 28 ;
the later coins are ** archaistic," the earlier truly archaic
in style. The archaic style and execution of the Athenian
money is to be accounted for by the fact that any altera-
tion in the appearance of coins having so wide a circula-
tion as those of Athens might have damaged their credit.
This fixed hieratic character of the coinage of one of the
greatest Hellenic cities remains, however, an isolated fact
in Greek numismatics.

24. .^gina. JR, Obv. Al. Land tortoise. liev. Incase square

divided into five compartments, within which the letters N I and
dolphin. Wt. 189 grs.

The coins of Mgma, were popularly called x^^^°^»
This island ceased to strike silver money in B.C. 459,
when it became part of the Athenian empire.

25. Corinth. JR, Obv, Pegasus ; beneath, koppa. Rev. Head of

Pallas ; behind, koppa. Wt. 132*5 grs.

The staters of Corinth were sometimes called TrwXot, on
account of the Pegasus which they bore. In the earliest
period the name of the city was spelt with a koppa
(Q instead of K), which is afterwards retained as a distin-
guishing mark on its coinage. Next to the money of Athens,
that of Corinth had the widest circulation in the fifth and
fourth centuries b.c., especially in the districts to the north
of the Corinthian Gulf, and in Sicily and Southern Italy.

26-34. Elis. M. (26) Obv. Eagle, with serpent. Hev. FA.

Thunderbolt. Wt. 182 grs. (27) Obv. FAAEION. Eagle, with
serpent. Hev. F A. Nike running, carrying wreath. Wt. 185*2
grs. (28) Similar, of later style. Wt. 185 grs. (29) Obv.
Head of the Olympian Zeus. Bev. F A. Thunderbolt, in laurel-

28 PERIOD II. B.

wreath. Wt. 185 grs. *(30) Obv. Head of Hera, weai-ing upright
Stephanos. liev, F A. Thunderbolt, in wreath. Wt. 187 grs.

(31) Obv. Eagle devouring hare. Hev. FA. Nike seated on a base.
In the exergue, a branch of laurel. Wt. 183 grs. [The reverse
type of this coin was copied by Mr. T. Wyon, the engraver of the

medal struck to commemorate the battle of Waterloo.] (32) Obv.
Eagle's head and leaf of bryonia (?), Hev. F A. Thunderbolt, in

wreath. Wt. 185 grs. (33) Obv. Eagle devouring ram. Bev.
F A. Thunderbolt. Wt. 190-8 grs. (34) Obv. Eagle devouring
hare. Hev. FAAEION. Thunderbolt, with two wings; one ex-
tremity ornamented. Wt. 183 grs.

The series of the staters of Elis is one of the most
varied and beautiful in the whole range of Greek coins.
Artists of the highest abilities were employed at this
mint. The types refer to the worship of Zeus and Hera
at Olympia. The digamma was not abandoned on the
coins of Elis until Koman times.

35-38, Crete. JR, *(35) Gortyna. Obv. Europa seated in tree.
Mev. rOPTVNION (retrograde). Bull. Wt. 189 grs. (36)
Itanus. Obv. Triton striking with trident. Hev. ITA. Two
marine serpents, face to face. Wt. 173 grs. (37) Phaestus. Obv.
LEAXANOZ (retrograde). Velchanos (a Cretan form of Zeus)
seated on the stump of a tree, with a cock on his knees. Eev.

4>AIZ. Bull. Wt. 182-8 grs. (38) Phaestus. Obv. Herakles
contending with the Lernaean Hydra ; at his feet is the crab. Eev.
<t>AIZTION. Bull. Wt. 181 grs.

The coins of the Cretan cities are remarkable for the
unconventional style in which the subjects represented
are treated. Some of them are very fine works of art,
others surprisingly barbarous. The coins of Gortyna
refer to the abduction of Europa by Zeus, in the form of a
bull. The assistance rendered by the crab to the hydra
(No. 38) is mentioned by Apollodorus (Biblioth. ii. 5, 2).

39. Euboea. Eretria. JR, Obv. lo, as a cow, scratching herself;
on her back a bird. Eev. E. Cuttle-fish. Wt. 252 grs.

In Euboea the spot was shown on which lo was believed
to have been killed, as well as the cave in which she gave
birth to Epaphus. The bird on the cow's back is perhaps
Zeus, who, in the form of a bird, guided Hermes to the
place where Hera had tied lo to a tree.

PERIOD II. C. 29

II. C.

1. Etniria. JR. Obo. Winged Gorgon mnning^, holding in either

hand a serpent. Jtev, ©EZI. Archaic wheel, having long axle«
beam crossed by two bands curving outwards. Wt. 171*6 grs.

This coin has been attributed to FsBsnlae. Both the
Gorgon and. the wheel are symbols of the worship of the
moon-goddess. The date may be about the middle of the
fifth century, or earlier. The weight- standard is Persic.

2. Campania. Cumse. JR. Obv. Female head. Eev. KVMAION

(retrograde). Mussel shell; above which, pistrix (sea-serpent).
Wt. 115-9 grs.

This coin may be assigned to the period of prosperity
which CumaB enjoyed after her deliverance from the
Etruscans by Hiero I. of Syracuse, B.C. 474.

3. Neapolis. M. Obv, Head of Pallas ; helmet bound with olive.

Eeo. NEDOMTEV^ (in archaic characters). Man-headed bull.
Wt. 115 grs.

4. Calabria. Tarentum. JR. Obv. TAPANTINQN. Taras,

naked, helmeted, holding aplustre and round shield ; seated on back
of dolphin ; beneath which, fish. Eev. Man, seated, holding distaff,
at which a young panther jumps. Wt. 122*9 grs.

The seated figure may represent the Demos of Taren-
tum. The presence of CI on this coin compels us to place
it in the last years of the fifth century.

5. Lucania. Heraclea. JR. Obv. Head of Herakles, in lion's skin.

Bev. H E. Lion. Wt. 20-8 grs.

Heraclea was founded by the Tarentines, b.c. 433. This
is one of its earliest coins.

6. Metapontum. JR. Obv. META. Ear of com. Bev. Apollo^

naked, holding branch and bow. Wt. 123*6 grs.

7. Thurium. JR. Obv. Head of Pallas ; helmet bound with olive ;

i.bove, 4>. J?^. 0OYPION. Bull, walking) with head lowered ;
eneath, bird.» In exergue, fish. Wt. 119*1 grs.

Thurium, on the Tarentine Gulf, was one of the latest
of all the Greek colonies in Italy. It was colonized from
Athens about b.c. 443, and occupied a position near the site
of the deserted Sybaris. The style of the head of Pallas
on this coin may be compared with II. C. 3 of Neapolis,

30 PERIOD II. C.

8. Velia. JR. Obv. Female head, wearing diadem of pearls. Hev.

VEAHTEnN. Lion; above which, owl flying. Wt. 117*6 grs.

9. Bruttii. Caulonia. JR, 06». Apollo, naked, holding branch ;

left arm extended ; on either side of him, a dolphin. £ev,
KAYAONIATAZ. Stag. Wt. 122-8 grs.

None of the money of this city appears to be later in
date than the end of the fifth century B.C.

10. Croton. JR, Obv. Eagle perched on the capital of a column of

the Ionic order ; in the field, a laurel-branch. Hev. (JPO. Tripod,
with a fillet attached to one handle. Wt. 116 grs.

This is the tripod of the Pythian Apollo who was
worshipped at Croton, in a temple called the Pythion.

11. Pandosia. JR, Obv. riANAOZIA (in archaic characters).

Head of nymph Pandosia, wearing broad diadem ; the whole in
laurel-wreath. Bev. KPA0IZ (in archaic characters). River
Crathis naked, standing, holding patera and olive-branch; at his
feet, a fish. Wt. 104*7 grs.

The archaic forms of the letters on this coin are not
consistent with the style of art, which is that of the
middle or latter portion of the fifth centiiry. The inscrip-
tion is therefore an affectation of archaism.

12. Khegium. JR. Obv. Lion's scalp, facing. Mev. R EC IN OS.

Bearded figure, naked to waist, seated, his right resting on staff;
beneath his seat, a dog. The whole in laurel-wreath. Wt. 267*6 grs.

The seated figure on this coin, like that on II. C. 4 of
Tarentnm, may represent the demos of the city. Coins
of this type may date from the time of the expulsion of
the despots, b.c. 461.

*13. Tenna. JR. 06v. Head of Nike, wearing across forehead diadem
ornamented with honeysuckle pattern ; behind, 4> ; the whole in
laurel-wreath. Hev. TEPINAION. Winged Nike or Eirene,
seated on vase, holding caduceus and bird. Wt. 119*5 grs.

This is one of the most exquisite productions of the
art of die-engraving. The <t> on the obverse is the artist's
signature. Nos. 11. C. 7, of Thnrium, and III. C. 22, of
Pandosia, appear to be by the same engraver, who was
doubtless well known in southern Italy. All the finest
coins of Terina of this period are by him.

14. Sicily. Agrigentum. Af. Obv. AKP. Ragle devouring ser-
pent ; beneath, two pellets. Eev. Crab ; beneath, magistrate's name,
ZIAANOZ. Wt. 20*4 grs.

About the year b.c. 412, gold money appears to have

PERIOD II. C. 31

been first coined in Sicily. The gold coins of this first
issne are all small. Cf. II. C. 19, of Catana ; 23, of Gela,
and 39, of Syracuse.

15. Agrigentum. M. Obv. AKRACANTOZ. Eagle on capital
of column. £ev. Crab ; beneath which, floral scroll. Wt. 268*7 grs.

This coin belongs to the beginning of the period to
which it is here classed.

*16. Agrigentum. JR. Obv. Two eagles, standing on hare, the one
about to tear the prey, the other raising its head and screaming.
In field, the horned head of a young river-god ; above, ZTPATflN
(magistrate's name). £ev, AKPAFAN T INON. Nike driving
quadriga ; above, vine-branch with grapes. Wt. 267*8 grs.

Agrigentum was destroyed in b.c. 406. This coin
belongs to its last years. The style of the reverse may
be compared with some of the Syracusan coins of
Period III.

17. Camarina. JR. Obv. KAMAPINAinN. Head of young He-

rakles in lion's skin ; in front, olive-leaf and berry. jRev. Pallas
driving quadriga; she is crowned by Nike, who flies above. In
eiergue, barley-corn. Wt. 260*5 grs.

The letter O occurs occasionally on Sicilian coins before
the year 409. Camarina was destroyed in b.c. 405.

18. Camarina. JR. Obv. Homed head of young river-god Hipparis,

facing ; on either side, a fish ; all within a border of waves. Artist's
name EYAI. Hev. KAMA. Nymph Camarina, seated on swan,
holding her veil as a sail, and passing over water; behind and
beneath, a fish. Wt. 122*8 grs.

This is one of the most poetical of the works of
Evsenetus; unfortunately, it is not in very good pre-
servation.

*19. Catana. AT. Obv. Head of Pallas, wearing helmet adorned with
hippocamp. Sev. KA. Two olive-leaves with berries. Wt. 18 grs.

See above, 11. C. 14.

20. Catana. JR. Obv. KATANAIEON]. Head of Apollo, laureate.

Sev. Quadriga ; horses walking. Wt. 266*4 grs.

21. Catana. JR. Obv. KATANAION. Head of Apollo; behind,

laurel leaf and berry. Bev. Quadriga ; horses walking, crowned by
Nike. Wt. 265*5 grs.

These tetradrachms are subsequent to the year B.C. 461,
when the expelled inhabitants of Catana were reinstated
by the Syracusans.

32 PERIOD II. C.

22. Gela. -51. Ohv. CEAAZ. Forepart of man-headed bull (river
Gelas). Rev, Quadriga ; horses crowned by Nike. In exergue, honey-
suckle ornament. Wt. 264*8 grs.

23. Gela. A/ . Obv. Horseman armed with spear, and wearing Phry-
gian helmet. Rev TEAAZ. Forepart of man-headed bull ; above,
barley-corn. Wt. 27 grs.

This coin was struck between about B.C. 412 and 405.
The tetradrachm. No. 22, is earlier.

24. Gela. ^. Obo. Homed head of young river-god Gelas; hair

bound with taenia; around, three fishes. Rev, FEAOION.
Quadriga driven by Nike ; above, olive-wreath. Wt. 264'6 grs.

The presence of the letter Ci on this coin shows that it
must have been struck shortly before 405, when Gela
was destroyed.

25. Himera. ^. Ohv. Nymph Himera, sacrificing at altar ; behind

her, Silenus bathing under a fountain, which issues from a lion's
head; above, a grain of com. Rev. IMEPAION (retrograde).
Quadriga ; charioteer crowned by Nike. Wt. 265*3 grs.

Himera was destroyed in B.C. 408. This beautiful coin
probably dates from about the middle of the century.

26. Leontini. M. 06tJ. LEONTINON. Headof Apollo, laureate;

beneath, lion; around, three laurel -leaves. Rev. Quadriga; charioteer
crowned by Nike. In exergue, lion. Wt. 260 grs.

This coin of the latest archaic style seems to be the
work of the artist who engraved the famous Demaretion
of Syracuse (II. C. 33) ; it may well have been struck in
B.C. 476, when Hiero established at Leontini a colony of
exiled Catanseans and Naxians.

27. Leontini. JR. 06». Head of Apollo, laur. i?eo. LEONTINOCN]

(in archaic characters). Lion's head ; around, four grains of com.
Wt. 269-5 grs.

A coin of the purest transitional style of about the
middle of the fifth century.

28. Messana. JR. Obv. MEZZANION. Hare; beneath which,

dolphin. Rev. Biga drawn by mules ; charioteer crowned by Nike.
In exergue, dolphins. Wt. 266*9 grs.

The hare and the mule-car were first adopted as coin-
types according to Aristotle by Anaxilaus, who won a
victory with the mule-car at Olympia, and is said to
have introduced hares into Sicily.

PERIOD II. C. 33

29. ^ axus. ^. Obv» Head of bearded Dion jsus, crowned with ivy.

£ev, NAXION. Naked Silenus with pointed ears and horse's
tail, seated on the ground, with a wine-cup in his hand. Wt.
269*2 grs.

30. NaxiUS. Bev, NAHION. Similar types, but Silenus holds thyrsus

in his left hand, and by his side grows ivy. Wt. 264*7 grs.

A comparison of these two coins, the first struck about
B.C. 460, the second towards the end of the century, shows
the transition from the strong firm style which charac-
terises the earlier period to the softer modelling and more
ornate work of the later.

31. Segesta. M, Obv. ZELE2TAIIA. Head of Segesta, wearing

sphendone ornamented with stars ; beneath, stalk of barley. Bev.
Youthful hunter (river-god Crimissus ?), accompanied by hounds ;
he stands before a term, his left foot placed upon a rock. Wt.
260 grs.

The terminations iiA and xiB of inscriptions on coins
of Segesta have not been explained.

*32. Selinus. iB. 06r. 2EAIN0Z. Tonng river-god Selinus sacri-
ficing at altar, before which is a cock, indicating it as sacred to
Asklepius ; in the left hand of Selinus is the lustral branch ; behind
him, a selinon-leaf and an image of a bull standing on a base. Rev.
2 E A I N O NTI O N (retrograde). Apollo and Artemis in quadriga ;
Apollo discharging arrows. Wt. 269 grs.

The libation offered by the river-god to Asklepius
refers to the draining of a marsh by means of which the
territory of the city was relieved from a plague sent by
the god Apollo, referred to by the reverse type. A similar
idea is represented on the coin of Himera, No. 25, above.

♦33. Syracuse. M. Obv, ZYRAKOZION. Head of Nike, laureate,
surrounded by dolphins. Bev. Quadriga, horses walking, crowned
by Nike. In exergue, lion. Wt. 685*6 grs. Pentecontalitron or
decadrachm.

These coins were called Demaretia because they were
coined from the proceeds of a present given to Demarete,
wife of Gelon, by the Carthaginians, on the occasion of
the peace concluded between them and Gelon by her inter-
vention, B.C. 480.

34-38. Syracuse.

A series of tetradrachms illustrating the various modes
of treating the head of Arethusa on the. coinage during
the fifth century B.C. All these coins are remarkable for
refinement and elegance of style.

o

34 PERIOD II. C.

39. Syracuse. N. Obv. Head of Herakles. Bev. ZYPA. Incuse

square, divided into four parts, in the centre of which, a female
head. Wt. 17-9 grs.

This coin, like II. C. 14, 19, and 23, dates from about
B.C. 412. The incuse square containing a female head
is imitated from the earliest silver money of the city
(I. C. 34).

40. Syracuse. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Arethusa, sur-

rounded by dolphins ; on the band across her forehead, the artist's
name, EYMHNOY. Eev. Quadriga, the charioteer crowned by
Nike. Wt. 266-1 grs.

The engraver of this coin spells his name sometimes
with an H, sometimes with an E. Most of his work
appears to be earlier than the end of the fifth century.
This artist may be said to have introduced the highly
ornate style which characterises the Syracusan coinage of
the age of Dionysius the Elder.

PERIOD III. 35

PERIOD III.— <;iRCA B.C. 400-336.

During the war in Asia Minor between the Spartans
under Agesilaus and the Persians, Cyzicus continued to
strike her electrum staters in large quantities. On this
currency the incuse reverse of archaic times was to the
last retained. Probably about the time of the Peace of
Antalcidas, or shortly afterwards, this famous coinage
came to an end, and was generally superseded by a gold
currency, of which Lampsacus seems to have been the
principal mint.

Ephesus, Samos, Chios, and Rhodes now furnish the
larger portion of the silver currency of western Asia Minor,
while in the eftst the Phoenician cities of Sidon, Tyre,
and Aradus begin about b.g. 400 to strike large silver
coins, the circulation of which extended along the caravan
routes across the desert as far as the banks of the Eu-
phrates and the Tigris.

In the north the gold coinage of Panticapaaum, the
modem Kertch, is remarkable for its peculiar weight, as
compared with that of other towns. In Macedon the
gold and silver currency of the Chalcidian League was
predominant until it was finally extinguished by Philip,
when about B.C. 368 he began to work the gold mines of
Philippi, and reorganised the coinage of the Macedonian
empire.

In central Greece the chief currencies were those of
Thebes, Athens, and Corinth. In Peloponnesus the
Messenians and the Arcadians, under the protection of
Epaminondas, began to strike money, though not in
large quantities.

In Italy the rich gold and silver coinage of Tarentum
was only rivalled by the silver of Neapolis and Meta-
pontum.

In Sicily, down to about B.C. 345, when the Dionysian
dynasty was finally expelled, the splendid coinage of
Syracuse had only to compete with that of the
Carthaginian dominions. After Sicily was freed from
her tyrants by Timoleon of Corinth, the Pegasus staters
supersede the larger coins of the age of the Dionysii.

D 2

36 PERIOD III.

During this period tlie nmnismatic art reached the
highest point of excellence which it has ever attained.
The devices on the coinage are characterised by intensity
of action, pathos, charm of bearing, finish of execution,
and rich ornamentation. The head of the divinity on
the obverses of the coins of numerous cities is represented
facing and in high relief. Among the most remarkable
of these heads are those of Apollo at Clazomenee, Rhodes,
&c., of Hermes at -<Enus, of Apollo at AmphipoHs, of the
nymph Larissa at the city of that name in Thessaly, of
Hera Lacinia at Pandosia in southern Italy, of Arethusa
and Pallas at Syracuse, and of Zeus Ammon at Gyrene.

The fine head of Zeus on the silver coins of Philip of
Macedon was perhaps copied from that of the famous
statue of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias.

Among the most remarkable teverse-types are the
seated figures of Pan on the coin of Arcadia, and of
Herakles on coins of Heraclea and Croton. As a rule,
however, the reverse-types are less varied and interesting
than those of the latter part of Period II.

During this period it is not uncommon to find at
certain cities, especially in Sicily, the name of the artist
in small characters, generally in the field of the coin.

The principal sculptors of this period are the Athenians
Scopas and Praxiteles, and the principal extant works
with which the coins should be compared are —

The Mausoleum sculptures. British Museum.

The Choragic monument of Lysicrates. Athens.

The statue of Dionysos from the Choragic monument of Thrasyllos

B.C. 320. British Museum.
The statue of Hermes, by Praxiteles, found at Olympia.
The head of Asklepios or Zeus from Melos. British Museum.
The sculptures of the Niobides, by Scopas or Praxiteles. Copies in

Florence.

PERIOD III. A. 37

UI. A.

1. Persia. Kf» Obo. King kneeling with bow and dagger. Jiev.

IncuBe. Daric. Wt. 128 gn.

2. Persia. A/". Obv, Youthful king with bow and spear. Jtev.

Incuse. (Countermarked.) Daric. Wt. 126*8 grs.

3* Persia. ^. 06r. Bust of king with bow and arrows. Bev,
Incuse. Siglus. Wt. 82 grs.

4—7. Cyzicus. EL. Staters (wt. 248 grs.) of the best period of art.

No. 7, with the head of the veiled Demeter, is especi-
ally beautiful. The incuse reverse of these ooins is a
survival of the archaic style which prevailed when the
electrum coinage of Cyzicus commenced.

8. Cyzicus. jR, 06o. ZOTEIPA. Head of Demeter or Persephone.
Jiev, KYI I. Lion's head, and tunny. Wt. 232*5 grs.

One of the gems of Greek art, but unfortunately slightly
worn.

9-13. Hectae, of electrum, of the period of finest art.

Wt. about 40 grs.

Many of the towns of the western coast of Asia Minor
belonged to a monetary league. These hectae, the cur-
rency of the imion, were probably issued sometimes at
one mint, sometimes at another.

14. Abydos. Al, Obv, Nike sacrificing ram. Bee. Eagle; symbol,
aplustre, the whole in incuse square. Wt. 129 grs.

Abydos, on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont, began,
like Lampsacus, to coin money in pure gold about the
year 400 or perhaps a little earlier. There were gold
mines within the territory of the city.

15-19. Lampsacus. AT. Obverses, (15) Head of Maenad; wt.

130*7 grs. (16) Demeter rising from the soil; wt. 129*3 grs.

(*17) Head of bearded Cabirus in conical laureate hat; wt. 129*1

grs. (*1S) Head of Bacchante with pointed ear; wt. 128*5 grs.

(19) Nike erecting a trophy ; wt. 130*2 grs. Reverses, Half sea-
horse.

The gold coins of Lampsacus, which superseded the
older electrum staters (cf. II. A. 23) about the end of
the fifth century B.C., continued to bo issued until about

38 PERIOD m. A.

the middle of the fourth century. Among them are to be
found some of the most beautiful specimens of Greek art
in coins.

20, 21 . Tenedos. iR. , Obv. Janiform head, malcand female, Bacchus
Dimorphus (?). -Rer. TENEAION. Double-axe. In field, magis-
trate's letters and two symbols. Wts. 200 grs. and 56 grs.

Tenedos appears to have coined silver money of this
type at three different epochs : first, in the early period,
before the Persian wars, on the Euboic standard (cf.
I. A. 19) ; second, about the time of Alexander tiie Great,
when the island revolted from Persia, on the Asiatic
standard, of which coinage these two specimens are
examples; and, third, about B.C. 189 (cf. VI. A. 13), on
the Attic standard.

22. Heracleia. ^. Obv, Head of Herakles. JRev. HPAKAEIA.

Head of city Heracleia. Wt. 177 grs.

This is a coin of Heracleia Pontica, struck while the
city was still a free democracy, before the year b.c. 364.

23. Methymna. M. 06t?. Head of Pallas. JSer. MA0YMNAION.

Lyre on raised square within incuse. Wt. 99 grs.

*24. Clazomen89. AT, 06r. Head of Apollo full face. i2w. KAAIO
AGHNArOPAZ. Swan. Wt. 88 grs.

25, 26. Clazomenee. M, Similar, but with HPAKAEIA and

MANAPONAZ. Wt. 250-6 grs. No. 26 also has the en-
graver's signature— ©EOAOTOZ EnOEI. Wt. 261-6 grs.

In the territory of Clazomen8B there was a temple
of Apollo; the swan is one of the symbols of this god,
who sometimes even assumes its form (Nonnus, Dionys.
ii. 218). The delta of the Hermus abounds in wild
swans, and the name of Clazomenas may be due to their
shrill cries. The above coins are magnificent examples
of the full-face type of Apollo; they may be compared
with coins of Rhodes, -^nus, Amphipolis, and Syracuse.
The fashion of placing full-face heads on the coinage is
characteristic of the fourth century.

*27. Colophon. M, Obv. Head of Persian satrap. Eev, BAZIA.
Lyre. Wt. 236-2 grs.

A striking portrait of a Persian satrap, probably
Pharnabazus, wearing the tiara, not the royal kidaris.
The reverse indicates that the coin was struck by the
authority of the Great King.

PEBIOD UI. A. 39

28. Ephesus. JR. Obv, £♦. Bee. Bev. APIZTOAHMOI.

Forepart of stag and palm-tree. Wt. 234 grs.

A specimen of the Ephesian coinage, between the Peace
of Antalcidas and the time of Lysimachus. Both the stag
and the bee refer to the worship of Artemis.

29. Ephesus. M. Obv. E<t>. Bee; beneath, FIE. B4V, lYN.

Infant Ueraklea strangling serpents. Wt. 176*6 grt.

. #

30. SamOS. JSi. Obv, £A. Lion's scalp. Eev. As preceding coin.

Wt. 178 grs.

These two coins, with others similar, of Bhodes and
Cnidus, are valuable historical records of an alliance
entered into by these four cities, b.c. 394-387, for the
maintenance of their independence and neutrality in the
conflict between Sparta and Athens. The type selected
for this coinage is borrowed from coins of Thebes, at this
time the great rival of Sparta. It also occurs on certain
coins of Croton, in Italy, struck about B.C. 389, when the
Greek colonies of southern Italy, menaced by Dionysius I.
of Syracuse, formed an alliance for their mutual defence.

31. Chios. jR, Obv, Sphinx, amphora, and grapes. Hev.

BAZIAEIAHZ on the cross-bar of an incuse square. Wt.
232 grs.

The magistrate's name marks this coin as of a later
date than Mo. 34 of Period 11. A.

32. Cnidus. M. Obv. Head of the Cnidian Aphrodite. Hev.

EOBOAO. Forepart of lion, in incase square. Wt. 233 grs.

A coin apparently of the early part of the fourth
century.

33. Maussollus. M, Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. £ev, MAYZ

ZOAAO. Zeus Labrandeus, carrying double axe (\dfipvs) and
sceptre. Wt. 232-5 grs.

Maussollus was satrap of Halicamassus and Caria, b.c.
377-363.

34. Pixodarus. AT. Obv. Head of Apollo, in profile. Bev.

niHOAAPO. Similar. Wt. 64 grs.

35. Pixodarus. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Hev. Similar.

niHOAAPOY. Wt. 108 grs.

The date of Pixodarus was 340-335. During this
period the genitive in O is superseded by that in OY.

40 PERIOD III. A.

36. Cos. M. 06t?. Head of bearded Herakles. Bev, KOION. Crab
and club ; beneath, A I ON. Wt. 230 grs.

It is instructive to compare the style of this coin with
that of Period IV. A. No. 32.

*37. Rhodes. A/". Obv. Head of Helios, full face, his hair arranged
in locks suggestive of rays. Hev. POAION. Rose with bud, and
vine-spray with grapes. Wt. 132 "6 grs.

The three ancient cities of the island, Lindns, lalysus,
and Camirus, combined in B.C. 408 to found the city of
Rhodes. This coin is one of the finest Greek coins which
have come down to us.

38. Rhodes. M, Similar. Sphinx in the field. Wt. 234-2 grs.

39. Lycia. uR. Obv, Head of bearded Herakles, and Lycian inscrip-

tion. Mev. Head of Pallas, and Lycian letter. Wt. 126*6 grs.

The inscriptions on the Lycian coins of the fourth
century perhaps designate towns.

40. Tarsus. M. Obv. BAALTARS, in the Aramaic character.

Zeus of Tarsus, seated on throne, holding sceptre. Letters and
grapes in the field. Eev, Aramaic inscription. Lion devouring
bull; beneath, walled city. Wt. 171 grs.

The Aramaic inscription on the reverse probably con-
tains the name of the satrap or ruler of Cilicia under
whose authority the coin was struck. This name is read
by some Abd-sohar.

41. Cyprus. M, Obv. Head of Herakles, facing, in lion's skin.

£ev. BA SI LE O S E YA GO RO, in the Cyprian cha-
racter. Moufflon. Wt. 31*5 grs.

Euagoras I. reigned about 410-375.

42. 43. Cyprus. A/". Obv. BA. Female head, wearing taenia, with

leaf-like projections, ifec. (42) Nl. Wt. 123 gi-s. (43) PIN.
Wt. 128 grs. Head of Aphrodite, turreted.

Nicocles reigned from 374-362, and Pnytagoras from
359-331. During this period the use of the Cyprian
character is discontinued.

44. Sidon. JR, Obv. Phoenician galley under sail. Eev. King of
Persia in chariot driven by his charioteer. In the field is the
forepart of a goat, incuse ; the whole in incuse square. Wt.
422-8 grs.

PERIOD III. A. 41

45. Sidon. M. Obv. Galley, before the fortified wall of a city. In

exergue, two lions. Rev, King in chariot, driren at full speed by
charioteer ; beneath, a goat, incase« Wt. 425 grs.

These large ootadrachmB were probably struck early in
the fourth century. No. 45 is attributed by M. Six to
the reign of Strato, b.c. 374-362. They are good instances
of the stationary character of art in the East at a time
when in Greece it had reached its highest point of
development.

46. Tyre. Si. Obv. Melkarth holding bow, and riding over the

waves npon a sea-horse ; beneath the waves, a dolphin. Rev, Owl,
accompanied by crook and flail, Egyptian symbols of royalty.
Wt. 206 grs.

The coinage of Tyre commences about b.c. 400. The
same archaism of style is apparent here as in the money
of the other Phoenician towns.

47. Aradus. jR, Obv, Head of Melkarth, bearded and laureate.

Rev, DKD> in Phoenician characters. Galley, with rowers, on the
sea. Wt. 157 grs.

The inscription on this coin is of doubtful meaning.
The first two letters may stand for " Melek Arvad," king
of Aradus. The third letter is variable in different
specimens. This series is attributed by M. Six to the
period between b.c 370 and 350.

42 PERIOD III. B.

III. B.

1. Panticapeeum. A/". Obv. Head of Pan, facing, with pointed

ears and dishevelled hair and beard. Bev. PAN. Griffin, holding
spear in his mouth ; beneath, a stalk of corn. Wt. 140'6 grs.

2. Panticapaeum. AT, Obv. Head of bearded Pan, in profile, wearing

wreath of ivy. Bev, Similar to last, Wt. 140*5 grs.

The Greek colonists connected the name of this town,
which is probably Scythian, with the god Pan. Panti-
capsBum, on the Cimmerian Bosporus, the modern Kertch,
was an important commercial city. It began to coin
gold money about the same time as Philip in Macedon, or
earlier.

3. Abdera. M. Obv, ABAHPITEON. Head of Apollo. JRev,

EPI IKEZIOY. Griffin. Wt. 175*9 grs.

*4. Aenus. JR. Obv. Head of Hermes, facing, wearing petasus. Bev*
AINION. Goat; in field, torch. Wt. 242*2 grs.

Among the coins of JEnus are to be found some of the
finest examples of the full face on ancient coins. The
practice of representing the human face in this manner
upon coins is peculiar to the best period of art. Cf.
Ehodes, Amphipolis, Syracuse, &c.

5. Maronea. M. Obv. MAPO. Prancing horse. Bev. EFW

IKEZIO. Vine ; symbol, caduceus. Wt. 169*4 grs.

The coinage of Maronea, like that of all the other cities
of Thrace and Macedon, was put an end to by Philip
about B.C. 350.

6. PsBOnia. Lycceius. JR, Obv. Head of Apollo. Bev.

AYKKEIOY. Herakles and Lion. Wt. 198 grs.

Lycceius (b.c. 359-340) was the first of the independent
kings of Pa3onia. The coins of this district are semi-
barbarous.

*7, 8. Amphipolis. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Beo.
AM<t>inOAITEON. Racing torch within a frame, the whole in
incuse square. Wts. 220*5 grs. and 217*6 grs.

Amphipolis was founded in b.c. 437, and it ceased to
strike autonomous coins when it became subject to Philip
of Macedon in 358. The fine silver staters of this city
are remarkable for intensity of expression.

PERIOD III. B. 43

9. Chalcidioe. A/". Obv, Head of Apollo. Bev, XAAKIAEON.

Lyre; beneath, magistrate's name, Efll EYAOPIAA. Wt.
132-6 gi-s.

10. 11. Chalcidice. M. Two silver staters, similar to the gold

stater, but haying the head of Apollo in the opposite direction.
Wts. 222-2 grs. and 222-8 grs.

These are ooins of the Chalcidian League, struck at
Olynthus after b.c. 392, and before the time of Philip
of Macedon. The heads on this series exhibit varieties of
style, but are all remarkable for strength and beauty
of work.

12. Neapolis. M, Obv. Gorgon-head. Bev. NCEO]n. Head of

Nike, laureate. Wt. 58 grs.

This coin may be compared with I. B. 6, of the same
city. The worship of Nike at Neapolis is due to the
Athenian settlers there, who associated her with Athena,
of whom there was a temple at Neapolis, called, as at
Athens, the Parthenon.

13. Philippi. AT. Obv. Head of Herakles. Bev. ♦lAinnON.

Tripod, aboye which palm ; in field, Phrygian cap. Wt. 133 grs.

The town of Philippi, anciently called Crenides, was
named after Philip of Macedon in 358. In the neigh-
bourhood were rich gold mines, which in the time of
Philip are said to have yielded 1000 talents a year, or
more than £3,000,000.

14. Macedon. Pausanias, B.C. 390-389. M. Obv. Young

male head, wearing taenia. Rev. HAYZANIA. Horse. Wt.
118*3 grs. Plated coin.

15. Amyntas III., B.O. 389-369. M. Obv. Head of bearded

Herakles. Bev. AMYNTA. Horse. Wt. 141-4 grs.

16. Perdiccas III., B.C. 365-359. M. Obv. Head of young

Herakles. -B«7. HEPAIKKA. Horse. Wt. 158-9 grs.

17. Philip II., B.C. 359-336. AT. Obv. Head of Apollo. Bev.

<t>IAinnOY. Charioteer in biga. Wt. 133 grs.

These gold staters were issued by Philip at all the chief
cities of his empire. They were called ^iXwrrrctoi, and are
mentioned by Horace as regale namisma Philippos (Epist.

11. i. 232).

44 PERIOD III. B.

* 18. Philip II. M. O61;. Head of Zeus. i2(W. <t>IAinnOY. Boy

on horse, holding palm. Wt. 224 grs.

The reverse types of Philip's coins refer to his victories
at the Olympian Games. The head of Zeus upon this
silver stater is a very fine work of art, and is probably a
copy of the famous statue of the Olympian Zeus by Phidias.

19. Thessaly. Larissa. JR. (96o. Head of nymph Larissa, facing,

but turned slightly towards the left. Eev. AAPlZAinN. Horse.
Wt. 188-5 grs.

This beautiful head may be compared with that of
Arethusa, struck about the same period at Syracuse (III.
C. 30), which it very closely resembles.

20. Pharsalus. M. (96». Head of Pallas; behind TH. i2^. <t>APZ.

Thessalian horseman. In exergue, TEAIZANTO (retrograde).
Wt. 99-5 grs.

One of these names is that of the engraver.

21. Pherss. Alexander, tyrant, B.C. 369-357. M. Obv. Head

of Hecate (?), facing ; in the field a torch. Hev, AA EZANAPOY.
Armed horseman ; beneath, and also on the horse's hind quarter, a
bipennis. Wt. 183*1 grs.

22. PherSQ. Alexander. M, Obv. Head of Hecate (?) ; in front,

torch. Hev. AAEjiAN. Lion's head. Wt. 92*7 grs.

23. Epirus. Alexander, b.o. 342-325. M, Obv, Head of

Zeus of Dodona, wearing oak-wreath. Hev. AAE.=.ANAPOY
TOY NEOnXOAEMOY. Thunderbolt and eagle. Wt.
165-3 grs.

This coin closely resembles the gold stater of this king
which he struck at Tarentum when he went, B.C. 332, to
aid the Greeks against the Lucanians and Bruttians. Of.
IV. C. 11.

24. Locri Opuntii. JR. Head of Persephone, i^er. OnONTION.

Ajaz, the son of Oi'leus, armed with shield and short sword, in
fighting attitude ; between his legs, AIAZ. Wt. 181'7 grs.

Ajax the Less was the national hero of the Locrians.

25. Delphi. Amphictyonic Council. JR, Obv. Head of Demeter,

veiled. Rev. AM<t>IKTIONON. Apollo, seated on the Delphian
omphalos, his right arm resting on lyre ; in his left hand a long
branch of laurel. Wt. 187*3 grs.

This coin was struck under the authority of the Am-

PERIOD III. B. 45

phictyonic Council, probably when it re-afiaembled after
the termination of the Sacred War, B.C. 355, and conferred
upon Philip of Maoedon the votes in the council which
had previously belonged to the Fhocians.

26. BodOtia. M. Obv, Boeotian shield. Bev, EPAMI. Amphora;
aboye which, rosette. Wt. 188 grs.

The Boeotaroh's name on this coin is probably that of
Ihe famous Epaminondas.

27-29. lliebes. M. Obv. Baotian shield. Bcv. (27) © E.
Amphora enclosed in wreath of ivy leaves and berries. Wt.
185 grs. (P^^J 0E* Infant Herakles, strangling serpents.
Wt. 187 grs. C^9) Head of bearded Dionysus, facing, encircled
by wreath of ivy. Wt. 188 grs.

The rich floral ornamentation of the field of No. 27 is
especially noteworthy, and resembles modem Persian
work. The head of Dionysus on No. 29 wears an ivy-
wreath, which apparently covers the whole head, in-
cluding the ears.

30. Athens. A/. Obv. Head of Pallas. Hev, A©E. Owl and

olive-branch. Wt. 132*5 grs.

Athens began to strike money in gold early in the
fourth century. Besides the stater, half-staters, sixths,
and twelfths are known.

31. Corinth.^ JR. Obv, Pegasos flying ; beneath, koppa. Bev. Uesd

of Pallas ; behind, acanthus pattern. Wt. 132 grs.

Cf. II. B. 25.

32. Sicyon. JR, Obv, Chimsra; beneath, head of river-god

Asopus (?). Bev. Dove, flying ; around, olive- wreath. Wt. 189 grs.

The Chimeara refers to the legend of Bellerophon, who
appears to have been honoured at Sicyon no less than at
Corinth. The dove was sacred to Aphrodite, whose wor-
ship was brought to Sicyon from Cyprus, between which
island and Sicyon there was frequent intercourse in early
times. At Sicyon was a temple of Aphrodite, and her
statue of gold and ivory by Canachus. The A^sopus, on
the banks of which Sicyon stood, was fumed in Greek
myth.

46 PERIOD III. B.

33. Elis. JR, Obv. FAAEION. Head of Zeiis, laureate. Jiev.

Eagle on capital of Ionic column. Wt. 190 grs.

The head of Zens on this coin exhibits a very marked
difference of style from that on II. B. 29. The earlier of
these two coins has been by some supposed to be copied
from the head of the famous statue of Zeus at Olympia ^
by Phidias, but it may be questioned whether the coin of
Philip of Macedon (III. B. 18) is not more in the style of
Phidias.

34. Zacynthus. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo. Hev. lAKYNOION.

Infant Herakles, strangling serpents. Wt. 179-3 gra.

The type of this coin was probably suggested by that
of Thebes (III. B. 28). ^ && J

36. Messenia. JR. 06r. Head of Demeter. -R^o. MEZZANION.
Zeus Atitophorus, naked, advancing. Wt. 188 grs.

The temple of Demeter on Mount Ithome is mentioned
by Pausanias as of peculiar sanctity. There was also
a temple on the same mountain to Zeus Ithomatas, in
whose honour an annual festival was celebrated by the
Messenians. The Zeus, with thunderbolt and eagle, on
the reverse of this coin is probably copied from the statue
of the latter divinity made by Ageladas, circa B.C. 450.
The coin is, however, much later, and cannot have been
struck before the time of Epaminondas, although the
style of the figure of Zeus corresponds rather with that
of the school of Polycletus than with that of Euphranor
and Lysippus, who introduced greater slimness of figure.
(Gf. the same type treated in the style of Lysippus,
IV.B. 24.)

36. ArgOS. -S. Obv. Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos adorned with
flowers, earring, and necklace. Mev. APPEIizN. Two dolphins.
Between them, wolf. Wt. 184 grs.

The head of Hera on this coin is copied from the famous
statue of Hera at Argos by Polycletus, which rivalled
that of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias in purity of style,
though it was less commanding in aspect. The dolphins
and the wolf are symbols of Apollo, respectively as Del-
phinius and Lycius. The cultus of Apollo Lycius at
Argos dates from the earliest times. Sophocles (El. 6)
calls the Apollo of Argos Kvkoktovo^, The idea symbolized

PERIOD III. B. 47

hj the wolf is that of winter slain by the god of light
and warmth.

*37. Arcadia. jR, Ofw, Head of Zeus. Eev. Pan seated on rocks,
holding in his right hand pedum; at his feet, syrinx; in field,
monogram of Arcadia ; on the rock, OAYM. Wt. 190 grs.

Zenfi LycseuB and Fan were the two chief divinities of
Arcadia; their temples stood on Mount Lyceeum, the
Arcadian Olympns. On the reverse of this coin Pan is
represented as sitting on the summit of the mountain.
This beautiful coin was issued by the Arcadian Con-
federacy after B.C. 371. Artistically, this coin is of the
highest interest, as it shows us a complete figure by an
engraver of the Peloponnesian school of Polycletus.

38. Stymphalus. JR, Obv. Head of Artemis, laureate, wearing

earring and necklace. Mev. ZTYM^AAION. Herakles, wield-
ing his club ; the lion's skin round his left arm. Wt. 185'1 grs.

Stymphalus was a city in the north-east of Arcadia.
The only building in this city mentioned by Pausanias
was a temple of Artemis Stymphalia, in which were
figures of the Stymphalian birds destroyed by Herakles.
This coin is of about the same period as the preceding.

39. Crete. CnOSSUS. JR. Obv. Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos

adorned with flowers. Bev. KNOZION. Square labyrinth; in
field AP, spear-head, and thunderbolt. Wt. 171 grs.

The foundation of this city was attributed to Minos.
The marriage of Zeus with Hera was here commemorated
by an annual festival, " the Sacred Marriage " ; hence the
head of Hera, as a bride, on the coins. The labyrinth
may be compared with that on I. B. 32.

40. PhaestUB. M. Obv. TAAOZ. Talos as a winged youth,

hurling a stone. Bev. ♦AIZTION. Bull. Wt. 178 grs.

Talos was a man of brass, fabricated by Hephaestus.
He watched the coast of Crete, and warded off hostile
ships by hurling stones at them. The presence of the
letter O on this coin renders it probable that it is of
later date than II. B. 38.

48 PERIOD III. C.

III. C.

1. Etruna. Ohv. Young male head, bound with wreath. Marks

of value, XX. Rev. Bull crowned by bird with wreath in beak ;
in front, star. In exergue, FELZPAPI, in Etruscan characters.
Wt. 72-1 grs.

This remarkable coin has not been attributed with
certainty to any particular city. The type of the reverse
seems to be Campanian. There can be no doubt, however,
that it belongs to the middle of the fourth century.

2. Etruria. Populonia. M. Obv, Head of Herakles, facing,

wearing lion's skin. Marks of value, XX. Hev. Club on a plain
surface. Wt. 130*4 grs.

3. Campania. Hyrina. iR. Obv, Head of Hera, facing, wear-

ing lofty diadem adorned with griffins, &c. Hev, YPINA (retro-
grade). Man-headed bull. Wt. 114 grs.

4. Neapolis. JR. 06r. HeadofParthenope. jR«j. NEOnOAITHZ.

Man-headed bull, crowned by Nike. Wt. 115*5 grs.

Parthenope, the ancient name of Neapolis, was derived
from one of the Sirens, whose tomb was shown at Nea-
polis in Strabo's time.

*5. Calabria. Tarentum. A/". (96tJ. Head of Demeterp), wearing
stephane, and veil hanging down behind. Hev. TA. Youthful
horseman crowning his horse. Magistrate's name and symbols in
field.

The beautiful series of the gold money of Tarentum
probably commences about the middle of the fourth cen-
tury. This seems to be one of the earliest specimens.

6. Tarentum. M, Obv. Boy on horse; he is crowned by Nike;

in front a youth welcomes the horse, clasping it by the neck.
Rev. TAPAZ. Taras riding on dolphin, in his hand a cup. Wt.
118*8 grs.

7. Tarentum. JR. Obv. Boy on horse, placing a wreath upon its

head. Another youth, kneeling, examines horse's hoof. Rev.
TAPAZ. Taras, armed with shield and trident, riding on dolphin,
beneath which waves. Wt. 1207 grs.

8. Tarentum. M. Obv. Boy on horseback, leading a second horse,

and crowned by Nike. Rev. TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin, spear-
ing with his trident a fish which swims in the waves beneath.
Wt. 119-4 grs.

PERIOD in. c. 49

9. Tarentum. JR. Obio, Naked horseman, armed with shield and

spears. Bex>, TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin, holding a Phrygian
helmet; in the field, stars. Wt. 119*1 grs.

10. Tarentum. M. Obv. Naked horseman, armed with shield ; his

right leg bent under him ; around, border of waves. Eev. TAPAZ.
Taras, on dolphin, holding trident ; around, border of waves. Wt.
115*5 grs.

The types of these coins of Tarentum all refer to the
celebrated Tarentine horsemen. (Cf. the verb rapavrtiiuv,
" to ride like a Tarentine.")

11. Lucania. Heraclea. M. O^n?. Head of Nike, wearing olive-

wreath ; the background formed by the legis, with border of
snakes. Rev, HPAKAEION. Herakles, naked, reclining on
rock, covered with lion's skin ; he holds cup , beside him lies his
club. Wt. 120-1 grs.

Compare with this coin the reverse type of III. C. 20 of
Croton.

12. Metapontum. M. Obv. hOMONOIA. Head of Homonoia

(Concord). Jiev. lAETA. Ear of com. Wt. 123-3 grs.

13. Metapontum. M, Ofm. Young head, with ram*s horn and

ear ; he wears a laurel-wreath. Sev, M ET. Ear of corn. Wt.
121-2 grs.

14. Metapontum. Af. Obv. AEYKinnOZ. Headof Leucippus,

the founder of the colony, wearing Corinthian helmet adorned with
figure of Scylla. JRev. Two ears of com. Wt. 44-2 grs.

15. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Head of Leucippus ; helmet adorned

with quadriga driven by Nike ; symbol in field, half-lion. Bev.
METAflONTINON. Ear of com ; symbol, club. Wt. 2412 grs.

16. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Female head with curly hair (style

of Evaenetus of Syracuse). Bev. META. Ear of com. Wt.
123-2 grs.

*17. Thurium. M. 06t?. Head of Pallas, wearing crested Athenian
helmet, on which Scylla, dogs* heads springing from her waist;
on the neck-piece a griffin. Bev. ©OYPinN. Butting bull. In
exergue, fish. Wt. 244*1 grs.

A magnificent example of the engraver's art. The nose
on this specimen has been injured.

18. Velia. M. Obv. Head of Pallas; helmet bound with olive; on
helmet, engraver's name, HPA. Bev. YEAHTEnN. Lion
devouring stag. Wt. 119-2 grs.

E

50 PERIOD III. C.

19. Bruttii. Croton. JR. 06r. O I KISTAS, in archaic cbaractew.

Herakles, naked, seated on rock covered with lion's skin. He holds
a branch over a flaming altar, and rests with left hand on his club ;
behind him, bow and quiver. In exergue, two fishes. Jtev,
KPOTON. Tripod, on one side of which Apollo shooting an
arrow at the Python on the other side. Wt. 121*2 grs.

20. Croton. jR, Obv. Head of Hera, facing, wearing high Stephanos,

and veil hanging down behind. Jiev. KPOTHNI. Herakles,
seated ; as on coin of Heraclea (III. C. 11). Wt. 121 grs.

Herakles, on No. 19, is represented 849 the founder,
ouctcm;?, of the colony ; the letters of this word are imi-
tated from the ancient forms. The head of Hera is that
of the Lacinian Hera, whose temple stood on the pro-
montory near Croton,

21. Locri. jR. Obv, lEYZ. Head of Zeus, laureate, his hair short

behind. Bev, EIPHNH AOKPON. Peace, holding caduceus,
seated on square cippus. Wt. 117*3 grs.

The head of Zeus on this coin is identical with that of
Zeus Eleutherius on Syracusan copper money struck soon
after b.c. 345.

22. Pandosia. JR, Obv. Head t)f Hera Lacinia, wearing lofty

Stephanos, adorned with foreparts of griffins and honeysuckles ; she
wears earrings and necklace. Sev. [PANDAOZIN. Pan the
Hunter, with hound at his feet ; he is seated on a rock ; in front, a
bearded terminal figure, to which is affixed a caduceus. In field,
<|>, engraver's signature. Wt. 120 grs.

This magnificent coin is probably a later work, in his

finest style, of the artist <I> , who engraved II. C. 7,

of Thurium, and II. C. 13, of Terina.

23. Ehegium. M. Obv. PHTINOZ. Head of Apollo. Bev.

Lion's scalp. Wt. 261*6 grs.

Rhegium was destroyed by Dionysius in B.c. 387, after
which it never recovered its former greatness. The date
of this piece is between B.C. 400 and 387.

24. Terina. JR. 06t?. TEPINAION. Head of Nike (?), similar in

style to the head on the coin of Metapontum (III. C. 16). Sev.
Nike, or winged Eirene, seated on square cippus, a bird perched on
her hand. Wt. 117*4 grs.

Compare this coin with II. C. 13, which is of purer and
severer style.

PERIOD in. c. 61

25. Sicily. Catana. JR. 06tj. Head of A polio, facing. Engrarer'a

name, HPAKAEIAAZ. Eev, KATANAION. Quadriga; the
charioteer crowned by flying Nike. Wt. 259-6 gm.

This fine coin is not much later than B.C. 400 ; it may
even be a few years earlier.

26. Thermae. JR. 06t?. 0EPM1TAN. Head of Hera, her Stepha-

nos adorned with sea-horses ; behind, a dolphin. Jtev, Herakles,
seated. Wt. 129*3 grs.

Thermaa HimeradSB, on the site of Himera, was founded
in B.C. 405. This coin seems to be anterior to B.C. 350.

27. Syracuse. AT. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Arethusa;

behind, Kl and barley-corn. Hev, ZYPA. Herakles and lion.
Wt. 88-9 grs.

This coin is by Cimon, probably a pupil and rival of
Evasnetus. The value of this coin in silver money was
exactly that of two large silver medallions or 100 litraa.

28. Syracuse. M. Obv, ZYPAKOZION. Head of Persephone,

surrounded by dolphins ; she wears a wreath of corn-leaves.
Beneath, in faint letters, artist's name, EYAINE. Hev, Vic-
torious quadriga. In the exergue, armour, and the word A0AA
prizes). Wt. 660;9 grs.

Evsenetus, the engraver of this medallion, may be said
to have attained perfection in his art. Winckelmann says
of his works : " weiter als diese Munzen kann der mensch-
liche Begriff nicht gehen."

29. Syracuse. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Arethusa,

wearing jewelled net. On one of the surrounding dolphins, artist's
name, KIMON. JRev. Similar to last. Wt. 6691 grs.

*30. Syracuse. JR. O&9. APE0OZA. Head of Arethusa, facing ;
dolphins darting in and out among her flowing locks. On her
diadem, artist's name, KIMON. Rev. ZYPAKOZION. Quad-
riga, horses prancing. Nike, alighting on their heads, is about to
crown the charioteer. The horses have overturned the meta, and
the driver looks back as if at a rival chariot close behind him.
Wt. 266-3 grs. .

This coin is the chef-d'ceuvre of Cimon. The type may
refer to the chariot-race at Olympia, in B.C. 388, when
Dionysius I. of Syracuse would have had the honour of a
victory, had it not been for the popular demonstration
against his tyranny. He may have commemorated his
unfair defeat as a victory.

£ 2

52 PERIOD III. C.

*31. Syracuse. M. 0«w. ZYPAKOZinN. Head of Pallas, facing,
surrounded by dolphins. On her helmet, artist's name, EYKAEI AA.
Fev. Demeter, in quadriga; she holds torch, and is crowned by
Nike. Wt. 265-6 grs.

The rich ornamentation of the obverse of this coin is
characteristic of the Sicilian art of this period.

32. Syracuse. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Female head and dol-

phins. Bev. Similar to last. Wt. 259-3 grs.

The above coins, Nos. 27-32, all belong to the time of
Dionysius I. and his successors, B.C. 406-345, during which
art in Sicily reached its highest point of excellence.

33. Syracuse. EL. Obv. ZYPAKOZinN. Head of Apollo. Rev,

ZnTEl PA. Head of Artemis. Wt. 106-4 grs.

34. Syracuse. EL. 06tj. Head of Apollo. i2«?. ZYPAKOSinN.

Tripod. Wt. 58-4 grs.

35. Syracuse. EL. 06t>. lEYZ EAEY0EPIOZ. Head of Zeus

the Liberator. Rev. ZYPAK. Pegasus ; beneath, three pellets,
marks of value, showing the coin to be worth thirty silver litrae
or three Corinthian staters. Wt. 32*8 grs.

36. Syracuse. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZinN. Head of Pallas. Rev.

Pegasus. Wt. 131 grs.

Nos. 33-36 represent the period of freedom restored to
Syracuse by Timoleon of Corinth. Hence the types of
Artemis Soteira, Zeus Eleutherius, and the substitution
for the tetradrachm of the Corinthian stater.

37. Africa. Carthage. A7. Obv. Head of Persephone. Rev.

Horse; above which, symbol of Baal (?). Wt. 117*9 grs.

38. Carthage. -51. Obv. Free horse, crowned by Nike; beneath,

in Punic letters, Kart chadasat, "new city of Carthage." Rev.
Date-palm (^<f>olvtO, with fruit ; in the field, in Punic letters,
Machanat, " the camp." Wt. 260 grs.

39. Carthage. M, Obv. Head of Persephone ; behind, Kart ch[ada'

sat"]. Rev. Horse and palm-tree. Wt. 263 grs.

*40. Carthage. ^. Obfo. Female head, wearing tiara of Phrygian
form; perhaps Dido, or a form of the moon-goddess. Rev. Lion
and palm-tree. In exergue, Shdm-machanat, " of the people of the
camp." Wt. 265 grs.

The finest kno^^^l coin of Carthage By a Greek
engraver.

PERIOD III. C. 63

41. Carthage. -51. Obv. Head of goddess, weariDg headdress formed

like a shell. Hev, Lion and palm-tree. In exergue, Shdm-macfia-
nat Wt. 265 grs.

42. Carthage. JR. Obv, Head of Persephone, surrounded by dol-

phins ; imitated from coins of Syracuse. (Cf. III. C. 28.) Rev,
Horse's head and palm-tree ; beneath, Punic letter, M (for macha-
nat}), Wt. 264 grs.

The style of some of these Carthaginian coins shows
that they are the works of Sicilian artists. Some may
have been struck at Carthage itself, others in the Cartha-
ginian possessions in Sicily. It is a curious fact that
there are no Carthaginian coins before the end of the fifth
century.

43. Cyrene. N, Obo, KYPANAION. Nike driving quadriga.

Rev. Zeus Ammon, sacrificing. before an incense-altar (thymiaterion).
Magistrate's name, POAIANOEYZ. Wt. 133-7 grs.

*44. Cyrene. M. Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon, facing. Rev. KYPANA
(boustrophedon). Silphium plant. Wt. 203-8 grs.

The worship of Zeus Ammon was derived by the
Greeks of Cyrene from the famous oracle of that god in
the oasis of Ammon in the Libyan Desert. The silphium
plant was the chief article of commerce between Cyrene
and Greece.

64 PERIOD IV.

PEKIOD IV.— CIRCA B.C. 336-280.

The age of Alexander and of the Diadochi is charac-
terised, as might be expected, by a very general cessation
throughout Greece of the issue of money by autonomous
states. The exceptions are, however, more numerous than
is at first sight apparent, for it is certain that, after Alex-
ander s death, some cities, although practically independent,
continued to issue their money in the name of Alexander.
The same remark applies to the gold and silver money of
several of Alexander's successors, especially at first.

In European Greece it would even appear that the gold
staters bearing Alexander's name continued to be struck
by the successive kings of Macedon down to Eoman
times; for when the Koman general Flamininus issued
gold money in Greece, b.c. 197, he simply adopted the
Alexandrine stater, placing upon it his own name. He
would hardly have chosen this type, had not these coins
been current in his time.

In Italy, Xeapolis, 1'arentum, and Metapontum con-
tinued to supply the greater part of the currency. The
earliest gold and silver coins bearing the name of the
Koman peoj)le were struck in Campania, from b.c. 338,
under Koman dominion. In Africa, Carthage, influenced
by the popularity in all the markets of Alexander's tetra-
drachms, adopted his type, the head of Herakles in the
lion's skin ; not, however, to the exclusion of the head of
Persephone, which she had borrowed from Syracuse.

Artistically, the heads on the coins of this age are re-
markable for expression of feeling. The eye is generally
deeply set, and the brows strongly marked. True por-
traits make their first appearance on money. Ptolemy
Soter is however the first to place his own head, as such,
upon his coins, not under the semblance of a Greek divinity,
but wearing the plain royal diadem.

A frequent reverse-type is a seated figure, the general
aspect and pose of which is borrowed at first, more or less
directly, from the seated figure of Zeus Aetophoros on the
money of Alexander.

PERIOD ir. 55

As time goes on, the human figure as represented on
the coinage becomes gradually more elaricS, and the
muscles of the body are more strongly indicated. Cf. for
instance IV. B. 24 with III. B. 36. This is due to the
influence of the school of Lysippus. The principal sculp-
tors of Alexander's time are those of the Argive-Sicyonian
school, Euphranor and Lysippus, and the sons of Praxi-
teles and of Lysippus, together with the gem-engraver
Pyrgoteles.

The chief extant works of art are : —

The sculptures from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, in the

British Museum.
The marble copies of heads of Alexander, in the British Museum,

Louvre, and Capitol.
The marble copy of the Apoxyomenos of Lysippus. Vatican.
The seated statue of Tyche of Antioch. Vatican.

56 PERIOD IV. A.

IV. A.

KINGS.

1. Persia. A/. Obv. King, with bow, quiver, and spear, kneeling;

behind, wreath ; in front, M . Bee. Incuse. Double daric. Wt.
257-6 grs.

The double darics are tlie last coins of tlie Persian
empire. The presence of Greek letters upon many of
them renders it even probable that they may have been
issued by Alexander himself.

2. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of

Herakles. Bev. AAEZANAPOY. Zeus AStophoros; in the field,
a head of Perseus (?) ; and under throne, a triquetra (Miiller, CI. ii.
Cilicia). Wt. 265 grs.

3. Alexander the Great. A/". Stater. Obv. Head of Pallas.

Bev. AAEZANAPOY. Nike, holding wreath and standard. In
field fc<Dy» "people of A[radus] " ; and ^, monogram of Aradus.

Wt. 133-1 grs.

This coin was probably struck in B.C. 310, when the
throne of Alexander had become vacant by the death of
Alexander iEgus in 311.

4. Alexauder the Great. M. Tetradrachm. Usual types.

Monogram of Arad 8 under throne ; struck between B.C. 330 and
'280. Wt. 265 grs.

5. Alexander the Great. M, Tetradrachm. In front of Zeus,

fore-part of ram ; under throne, AA. Wt. 263*7 grs.

The ram is the badge of Damascus, for which AA also
stands.

6. Alexander the Great. JR, Tetradrachm with name of Ace

[Acre] in Phoenician characters and the date 27 of the era of Alex-
ander, which commenced B.C. 332. This coin was therefore struck
in B.C. 306. Wt. 258 grs.

7. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm with feeding horse

in the field of the reverse. Wt. 264-4 grs.

Coins of this class are frequently found at Hamadan
(Ecbatana), in the neighbourhood of which place were the
famous Nisaean Plains, where, according to Strabo, as
many as 50,000 brood mares were pastured for the royal
stables.

PERIOD IV. A. 57

8. Alexander the Great. JR. Tetradrachm with an anchor in

the field. Wt. 259 grs.

The anchor was the badge of Seleucus I., by whom this
coin was struck before he adopted the title of king in B.C. 306.

Of the above Asiatic coins with the name of Alexander,
it is probable that Nos. 2 and 4 are the only ones struck
in the life-time of that monarch, who died b.c. 323.

9. Philip III. ArideeUB, B.C. 323-317. A/'. Stater of Alex-

ander's types. In the field a head of Helios. Wt. 131*9 grs.

This coin was found in Cyprus, and may have been
struck there.

10. Philip III. AridaBUS. JR. Tetradrachm of Alexander's

types, of Asiatic fabric. Mint uncertain. Wt. 263*5 grs.

The money of Philip Aridseus was nearly all struck in
Europe.

11. Syria. Seleucus I. Nicator. A/'. ZEAEYKOY. Stater

with Alexander's types. Wt. 130*7 grs.

The apparent absence of the word BAZIAEOZ ren-
ders it probable that this coin was struck between B.C. 312
and 306.

12. Syria. Seleucus I. JR. Tetradrachm with Alexander's

types, with inscription, ZEAEYKOY BAZIAEOZ. After b.c.
306. Wt. 263*3 grs.

13. Syria. Seleucus I. JR. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of

Zeus. iZw. BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY. Quadriga of elephants,
in which stands Pallas fighting. In the field, the Seleucid anchor.
Wt. 262 grs.

14. Syria. Seleucus I. JR. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of

Seleucus, in helmet, adorned with head and ear of bull ; round his
neck lion's skin. The btiirs horn symbolises divine strength. Bev.
BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY. Nike crowning a trophy. Wt.
260*1 grs.

Cf. this type with the coins of Agathocles of Syracuse,
No. IV. C. 29.

16. Persepolis. A/". Obv. PD I PD, in Aramaic characters. Head of
king wearing Persian tiara. Rev. PHSP, in Aramaic characters.
King, in quadriga. Wt. 135*9 grs.

The inscription on this coin is read by Mr. Gardner
as Phahaspes Padipada, or Phahaspes Lord of Lords, and
tt is attributed by him to a king of Persepolis of that
name, who must have reigned early in the third century.

58 PERIOD IV. A.

16. Parthia. A/'. Obv, Head of Zeus. Rev, ANAPArOPOY.
Warrior, in quadriga, accompanied by Nike, who drives the horses.
Wt. 131-9 grs.

This and the preceding coin were found at an old fort
on a tongue of land at the coDfluence of two rivers which
flow into the Oxus. One or more princes named Andra-
goras were supreme in Parthia between B.C. 330 and 260.

17. India. Sophytes. M, Obo, Helmeted head of king. Rev.

Zn<t>YTOY. Cock. Wt. 58*2 grs.

Sophytes was an Indian prince in the Panjdb, who
submitted to Alexander. In the time of Seleucus, whose
coins he imitated (cf. ohv. of 14), he would appear to have
been an independent ruler.

18. Lysimachus. N. 06t?. Head of Alexander, deified, with horn

of Ammon, and diadem. Rev, BAZIAEOZ AYZIMAXOY.
Pallas Nikephoros, seated. Wt. 130 grs.

This coin has an anchor in the exergue, perhaps the
mint-mark of the town of Ancore, in Bithynia, which
was rebuilt by Antigonus, B.C. 316, and which Lysimachus
renamed Nicaea, in honour of his first wife.

*19. Lysimachus. JR. Tetradrachm. Types as on No. 18,
with the bee, the mint-mark of Ephesus, in the field. Wt. 260 grs.

20. Egypt. Alexander -^gus, b.c. 323-311. M. Ohv, Head

of Alexander the Great, wearing a headdress composed of an
elephant's scalp. i?w. AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated.
Wt. 265-1 grs.

*21. Egypt. Alexander -^gus. Olyo, Similar. Rev. AAEZAN
t^OS, Pallas Promachos. In field, eagle on thunderbolt, badge
of Ptolemy. Wt. 241-1 grs.

These two coins were struck by Ptolemy Soter, as
governor of Egypt, in the name of Alexander JEgus,
the son of Alexander the Great by Koxana. The Pallas
Promachos on the reverse is perhaps a representation of
the statue of Athena Alkis at Pella, and is a symbol of
sovereignty over Macedon.

*22. Egypt. Ptolemseus I. Soter, b.c. 306-284. Obv, Head

of Ptolemy, diademed, and wearing aegis. Rev. flTOAEMAlOY
BAZIAEQZ. Eagle on thunderbolt. Wt. 228-2 grs.

PtolemaeuB adopted the title of king in B.C. 306. Ho
struck coins not only in Egypt, but in Cyprus, Cyrenaica,
and other parts.

PERIOD IV. A. 59

CITIES.

23. Amastris. ' iR. Obv. Head of Queea Amastru, wearing laureate

Persian tiara. JRev, AMAZTPIEON. Seated figure, wearing
modi us and holding Nike. Wt. 141*8 grs.

Ama49triB, in Paphlagonia, was named after the niece of
Darius Codomannus, who married Dionysius of Heraelea,
B.C. 306-302, and after his death Lysimaehus, who shortly
afterwards abandoned her for Arsinoe, when she retired to
Heraelea. This coin, which bears her portrait, was pro-
bably struck after her death, at the city which bore her
name. On an example in the collection of M. Six, of
Amsterdam, the figure on the reverse holds Eros, instead
of Nike.

24. Cius. Al. 06c. Head of Apollo. ff«7. ArNnNIAHZ. Prow.

In field, club and eagle. Wt. 131*8 grs*

All the gold staters known of this Bithynian town
came from the great find at Saida, which consisted
almost entirely of staters of Alexander, struck before B.C.
310. It is probable that the coins of Cius were struck
during the lifetime of Alexander.

25. Heraelea. Dionysius. JR, Obv. Head of Dionysus. JRev.

AIONYZIOY. Herakles erecting a trophy. Wt. 148*4 grs.

Dionysius and Timotheus were tyrants of Heraelea, in
the time of Alexander; after the death of his brother
Timotheus, Dionysius reigned alone. He married Amastris,
and died in B.C. 302. The types of the obverse and reverse
refer respectively to the names of the tyrant and the city.

26. Heraelea. JR. Ofm. Head of Herakles, in lion's skin. £ev,

HPAKAEOCTAN]. Dionysus, seated, holding cantharua and
thyrsus bound with ivy. Wt. 254*4 grs.

The types of this coin are suggested by the tetra-
drachms of Alexander. It is of the time of Lysimaehus,
who restored autonomy to the people of Heraelea, and
introduced a coinage on the Attic standard, in place of
the Persic standard hitherto in use there.

27* GyzicUB. JR, Obv, Head of Demeter or Persephone ; beneath,
tunny. Eev, KYXJ. Apollo, seated on omphalos, and resting his
elbow on lyre ; he holds a patera. In the field, a cock. Wt. 192 grs.

The attitude of Apollo on this coin as well as the style
indicate the period immediately after Alexander. The

60 PERIOD IV. A.

town appears to have maintained its autonomy down to
the time of Lysimachus, who is the first to strike money
there in his own name, certain tetradrachms of Alexander
(Muller, CI. v.) being later.

28. Proconnesus. M, Obv. PAZirENHZ. Head of Aphrodite (?).

Bev. PPOKON. Stag at rest^ in front, amphora; beneath,
astragalus. Wt. 55 grs.

Proconnesus (now Marmara) is an island in the Pro-
pontis. Demosthenes (adv. Polycl. p. 1207) calls it an
ally of Athens, and says that it was besieged and taken
by the Cyzicenes. This coin, which bears a striking
resemblance to certain coins, struck at Ephesus, while
that city bore the name of Arsinoe, B.C. 295-287, is of the
time of Lysimachus. The stag is a " type parlant."

29. Ephesus. JR, Obv. Head of Artemis. Bev, E <t>. Half-stag,

palm-tree, and bee, Wt. 75*2 grs.

This coin belongs to the period just before Lysimachus.

30. Erythrad. ^. Obv. Head of Herakles, in lion's skin. Bev.

EPY. Bow in case, club, and owl. In field, MOAinN. Wt.
232 grs.

This coin belongs probably to the time of Alexander
the Great.

31. Samos. JR. Obv. Lion's scalp. Bev. ZA HTHZIANAZ.

Forepart of bull. Wt. 235 grs.

Samos, like the Ionian cities, continued to coin money
during and after the reign of Alexander. The tetra-
drachms with Alexander's name attributed to it are of a
much later period.

*32. Cos. M, Obv. Head of Herakles, in lion's skin. Bev, KOION.
Crab, and bow in case. Magistrate's name, MOZXION. Wt.

231 grs.

The style of this coin is that of the time of Lysimachus.
The inscription KQION for KQinN is an archaism.^ Sub-
sequently this island formed part of the dominions of
Ptolemy I. and his successors.

33. Khodes. M. Obv, Head, full-face, of Helios, radiate. Bev.
POAION. Rose, with bud; beneath, AM El N I AZ. Infield, prow.
Wt. 208 grs.

PERIOD IV. A. 61

These splendid coins, with the radiate head of Helios,
began to be issned at Bhodes probably immediately after
the memorable siege of the city by Demetrius Poliorcetes,
B.C. 304. The head may be a copy of that of the famous
Colossus.

34. Tarsus. M, On. BAAL TARS, in the Aramaic character.
Zeus of Tarsus, on throne ; he holds sceptre. Rev. Lion ; above which,
a word of doubtful meaning, in the Aramaic character. Wt.
264 grs.

Struck soon after the expedition of Alexander. The
coins of Tarsus which precede the arrival of Alexander
are of the Persic standard. IMs is Attic, and those
which immediately follow bear the Seleucid anchor. It
has been conjectured that the reverse type of many of
Alexander's Cilician coins is imitated from the statue of
Zeus Tersios, represented on the coins of Tarsus.

35. Sidon. M. Obv. ny. The King of Sidon, in quadriga, driven

by charioteer, and followed by attendant carrying sceptre and
flask. Bev. Galley, at sea; above. III. Wt. 395 grs.

This octadrachm was probably struck in the third year
of the era of Alexander = b.c. 330. Alexander bestowed
the crown of Sidon upon Abdalonymus, and restored the
city to its ancient rank among the towns of Phoenicia.
M. Six suggests that the letters ny may stand for Abd-
alonymus.

36. Tyre. ^. Obv. Melkarth, riding on sea-horse. Bev. Owl, and

symbols of royalty. In field, 1 1 and V, initial letter of Tyre. Wt.
132-4 grs.

Azemilkos, king of Tyre, was not dethroned by Alex-
ander after the siege in 332. The coinage was, however,
assimilated to the Attic weight. This coin is of year 2
of the new era = B.C. 331.

62 PERIOD IV. B.

IV. B.

KINGS.

1. Pseonia. Patraus. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo or Herakles.

Bev. PATPAOY (retrograde). Horseman spearing prostrate foe.
Wt. 196 grs.

2. PeBOnia. Audoleon. JR. Obv. Head of Pallas, facing. Bev.

AYAnAEONTOZ. Horse. Wt. 193-4 grs.

Patraus and his son Audoleon reigned over Pseonia
between B.C. 340 and 286.

*3. Macedonia. Alexander the Great, B.C. 336-323. A/".

Obv. Head of Pallas. Bev. AAEHANAPOY. Nike, holding
wreath and standard. In field, thunderbolt. Double stater. Wt.
264 grs.

4. Alexander the Great. A/". Stater. Similar types; thun-
derbolt under neck of Pallas. Wt. 133 grs.

*5-7. Alexander the Great. JR. Obv. Head of Herakles. Bev.
AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated. In field— (6) Bucra-
nium. Wt. 265 grs. (6) Cock. Wt. 265 grs. (7) 0, under
throne. The head on this coin is turned to the left. Wt. 266 grs.

The above coins of Alexander were struck in all pro-
bability in Europe, and Nos. 5 and 6 certainly during his
lifetime.

8. Philip ni. Aridseus, B.C. 323-317. AT. Obv. Head of

Pallas, i^. <t>iAinnOY. Nike, holding wreath and standard.
In field, cornucopiae. Wt. 131*4 grs.

9. Philip III. AridaJUS. JR. Obv. Head of Herakles. Bev.

Zeus Aetophoros, seated. In field, torch. Probably struck at
Amphipolis. Wt. 258*5 grs.

10. 11. Alexander the Great. These two tetradrachms were pro-

bably struck in the reign of Cassander, B.C. 316-297, who did not
place his own name upon the silver coinage. Wts, 265 grs. and
264 grs.

12. Antigonus, B.C. 306-301. JR. 06o. Head of Herakles. Bev.
BAZIAEOZ ANTirONOY. Zeus Afitophoros, seated on throne.
Wt. 263 grs.

As the fabric of this coin closely resembles that of Nos.
13 and 14, it is probable that it was struck in the Pelo-
ponnesus in the name of Antigonus.

PERIOD IV. B. C3

13, 14. Alexander MgVLS (?). Types of Alexander the Great's
coins. Wts. 263 grs. and 2G0 grs.

These two fine tetradrachms were found, with others of
the same fabric, at Patras, in Achaia. They are supposed
to have been struck at Sicyon, by Polysperchon, between
the years b.c. 316 and 311, in the name of Alexander
^gus, the son of Alexander the Great by Boxana.
Coins of this class are distinguished from all others
bearing the name of Alexander by the presence of two
'Victories on the back of the throne.

15. Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 294-288. A/". Obv, Head

of Demetrius, with bull's horn of Bacchus. Sev. BAZiAEOZ
AHMHTPIOY. Armed horseman. Wt. 131-8 grs.

*16. Demetrius Poliorcetes. JR. Ofn, Similar head. Bev,

BAZIAEnZ AHMHTPIOY. Poseidon leaning on trident, his
right foot resting on rock. Wt. 264 grs.

17. Demetrius Poliorcetes. JR. Obv. Nike, or Fame, carrying a
standard, and blowing a trumpet, standing on the prow of a galley.
Bev, AHMHTPIOY BAZIAEOZ. Poseidon, naked, wielding
trident, his chlamys wrapped round his left arm. Wt. 266 grs.

The types of this coin refer to the naval victory gained
by the fleet of Antigonus, under his son Demetrius, over
that of Ptolemy, off the island of Cyprus, in b.c. 306.

18* Lamia. JR. Obv. Female head, wearing royal diadem and ear-
ring. i?ev. AAMIEON. Herakles, seated on rock, holding bow
in case. Wt. 86 grs.

The head on this coin is probably that of the celebrated
hetaira Lamia, who lived with Demetrius Poliorcetes
as his wife. In her honour both Athens and Thebes
erected temples, and the- people of Lamia, perhaps to
flatter Demetrius, placed her head upon the coinage.

Id, Lysimachus, b.c. 306-281. JR. Obv, Head of Herakles, in
lion's skin. iZ&o. BAZIAEOZ AYZIMAXOY. Zeus Aetophoros,
seated. In the field, the forepart of a lion, the mint-mark of the
town of Lysimachia. Wt. 264 grs.

20, 21 • Lysimachus. (20) A/. Obv. Head of Alexander the
Great, with horn of Ammon. Hev. BAZIAEOZ AYZIMAXOY.
Pallas Nicephoros seated, holding spear; behind her throne, a
shield. Wt. 132 grs. (21) iR. Tetradrachm of the same type.
Wt. 262 grs.

Alexander the Great is represented on these coins in a

64 PERIOD IV. B.

deified character, as the son of Ammon. The head is
probably taken from the statue-portrait by Lysippus or
the gem-portrait by Pyrgoteles.

CITIES.

22. Boeotia. M. 06t?. Head of Poseidon, laureate. i?«?. BO I OTON.

Poseidon, seated, holding dolphin and trident ; on throne, Boeotian
buckler. Wt. 238-4 grs. (Worn.)

This tetradrachm of the Attic standard is a specimen of
the new coinage of the Boeotian League. It belongs to the
last decade of the third century B.C., and was doubtless
struck at Thebes, after the restoration of that city by
Cassander, in B.C. 315.

23. £ilis. JR, Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate. Eev. FA. Eagle, with

wings spread. Wt. 182 gins.

Compare the head of Zeus on this coin with that on
III. B. 18 and 33, and II. B. 29 ; the decline of style
is very marked.

24. Messenia. M. Obv. Head of Demeter. Beo, MEZZANION.

Zeus Ithomatas, naked, advancing with eagle and thunderbolt.
In field, ZnZI KPA, and tripod. Wt. 258-6 grs.

Compare the style of this coin with III. B. 35.

*25. Crete. Hierapytna. M, Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate.
Eev, \EPA. Palm-tree ; at foot of which, eagle. Wt. 167-6 grs.

26. Crete. Polyrhenium. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo (?) ; at his

shoulder, bow and quiver. Bev. nOAYPHNinN. Female
figure, seated, holding Nike. Wt. 239-3 grs.

27. Tenos. M, Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon, bearded. Bev. T H-

Poseidon, seated, holding dolphin, and resting on trident. Wt,
254 grs.

28. Tenos. JR. Obv. Head of Libyan Bacchus, the son of Zeus

Ammon, without beard. Bev. THNION. Poseidon, standing,
holding dolphin, and resting on trident. Wt. 106 grs.

At Tenos there was a famous temple of Poseidon,
situated in a grove which was much frequented.

PERIOD IV. C. 65

IV. c.

I.Gallia. Massilia. M. O&o. Head of Artemis, her hair adorned
with sprigs of olive. Hev. MAZZA. Lion. Wt. 57 grs.

Massilia (Marseilles) was founded by the Phocaeans,
about B.C. 600. Its earliest coins are obols, of rude work.
Not until a comparatively late period does this city begin
to issue coins of fine work. The first branch of the olive-
tree is said to have been brought to Massilia with the
statue of Artemis from Ephesus ; hence its presence on
these coins. Its cultivation was a source of great wealth
to the town.

2, 3. Campania. Keapolis. M. Obo. Head of Parthenope ; sym-
bol — (2) Demeter, with torch, (3) head of Helios ; beneath — (2)
PAPME. Rev. NEOnOAUnN. Man-headed bull, crowned
by Nike; beneath— (2) bee; (3) IZ. Wts. 114-6 grs. and 105-8
grs.

The latter of these two coins seems to be about half a
century later in date than No. 2.

4« Nola. IBi, Obv. Head of Pallas ; helmet adorned with owl and
olive-wreath. Eev, NOAAION. Man-headed bull. Wt. Ill grs.

Kola begins to coin shortly before B.C. 400, and the
series of its money comes abruptly to an end in b.c. 311.
This is one of its latest coins.

*5. Bomano>Campanian. M. Obv. Head of Herakies. Rev,
ROMANO. Wolf and Twins. Wt. 109 grs.

6. Bomano-Campanian. M. 06r. Head of Mars. i^^v. ROMANO.

Horse's head. Wt. 115 grs.

7. Eomano-Campanian. M. Obv, ROMANO. Head of Apollo.

Rev, Prancing horse ; above which, star. Wt. 105*5 grs.

8. Romano-Campanian. JR. Obv. Head of Romt(?) wearing

helmet of Phrygian form. Rev. ROMANO. Victory, holding
palm, to which is attached a wreath. Wt. 102*2 grs.

9. Romano-Campanian. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo. Rev. ROMA.

Prancing horse. Wt. 99-7 grs.

10. Romano-Campanian. M. Obv. Head of Mars, beardless. Rev,

ROMA. Horse's head. Wt. 103 grs.

The Roman dominion in Campania dates from b.c. 338.

F

66 PERIOD IV. C.

The series with the inscription ROMANO commences
about that time; that with ROMA probably begins about
B.C. 318.

*J1. Calabria. Tarentum. Alexander of Epirus. M.

Obv, Head of 2ieus of Dodona, wearing oak-wreath. Eev.
AAEZANAPOY TOY NEOHTOAEMOY. Thunderbolt;
beside which, spear-head. Wt. 132*2 grs.

In spite of the resemblance of this magnificent gold
stater to the silver coin III. B. 23, it seems probable that
it was struck at Tarentum, where Alexander went, in B.C.
332, to aid the Greeks against the Lucanians and Brut-
tians.

12. Tarentum. A/". Obv, Head of Zeus. Bev. Eagle, on thunder-
bolt. In field, 01, NIKAP, and two amphorae, surmounted by
stars. Wt. 131-7 grs.

*13. Tarentum. A/". Obv, Head of young Herakles, wearing lion's
skin ; club below neck. Hev. TAPAN T INON. Biga, driven by
Taras, holding trident ; above, NIKAP. Wt. 132-7 grs.

14. Tarentum. JJ. 06tJ. TAPANTINON. Head of Aphrodite (?)

wearing stephane, earring, and necklace. Hev. TAPAZ. Taras,
holding trident, seated on dolphin. Wt. 66-3 grs.

15. Tarentum. JEi, Obv. Naked horseman, crowning his horse. In

field, magistrate's name, 0IAOKAHZ; two other names in mono-
gram, and a dolphin. £fv. Similar to last. In field, two amphorae.
Wt. 99-6 grs.

The head on No. 13 is clearly suggested by that on the
money of Alexander the Great, at this time circulating
far and wide. The magistrate's name, NIKAP, on No. 12
proves this coin to be of the same period. The issue of
gold and silver money at Tarentum in large quantities
during this period is a proof of the widely extended
relations of this city, the rival of Bome in southern
Italy.

16. Lucania. Heraclea. M. Obv. Head of Pallas; Scylla on

helmet; in front, A, K, <J>. Bev. hlH PA KAMI JIN. Herakles,
naked, strangling lion. In field, club ; beneath, owl. Magistrate's
name, KAA. Wt. 120 grs.

Soon after the death of Alexander the son of Neopto-
lemus, B.C. 325, Heraclea fell into the hands of the Lucar
nians. This coin is anterior to that event.

PERIOD IV. 0. 67

17. Metapontum. M. Ofw. Head of Zeus; behind, thunderbolt

£ev. [METTAnON. Ear of corn. In field, KAA, and poppy-head.
Wt. 119-8 grs.

18. Metapontum. M. Obv. EAEY0EPICOZ3.1 Head of Zeus

Eleutherios. i2«?. META. Ear of corn. Wt. 1198 grs.

19. Metapontum. M. Ofn>. Head of Dionysus, bound with broad

diadem and ivy-wreath. Mev. META. Ear of corn. Wt. 124*7 grs.

*20. Metapontum. M. Ofw, Head of Demeter, or Persephone;
hair bound with corn. £ev. M ETA. Ear of com. Symbol, plough.
Magistrate, MAN. Wt. 120*2 grs.

2 1 . Metapontum. ^. Obv. Head of Demeter, or Persephone, facing.

-B«r. META. Ear of corn. Wt. 121*3 grs.

Metapontum fell into the hands of the Lucanians soon
after the year B.C. 314; the above coins fall into the
period between about 330 and 314.

22. Thurium. JR. 06o. Head of Pallas ; Scylla on helmet. Sev.

0OYPION. Butting bull. Magistrate, EY<t>A. In exergue, fish.
Wt. 120*2 grs.

23. Yelia. ^. Obv. Head of Pallas, wearing crested helmet, on

which a quadriga and artist's name, <MAI^TION[0Z]. Bev,
YEAHTON. Lion gnawing the bones of a stag; above, Nike
flying. Wt. 103*3 grs.

24. Yelia. M. Obv, Head of Pallas, wearing helmet of Phrygian

form, on which female Centaur. Lev, YEAHTON. Lion devour-
ing prey. Wt. 117*7 grs.

26. Bruttii. Croton. M. Obv Head of Apollo. Bev. KPO.
Tripod. In field, branch tied with fillet. Wt. 118*8 grs.

In style this coin resembles No. 20, of Metapontum.

26. Loori. M, Obv. Head of Zeus. Bev. Eagle devouring hare. In

field, thunderbolt. Wt. 119*1 grs.

This coin may be compared for style with No. 17, of
Metapontum.

27. Sicily. Syracuse, b.c. 317-310. A/". 06o. Head of young

Herakles, Jaureate. Bev. ZYPAKOZION. Biga; beneath which,
triskelion. Wt. 66*2 grs.

28. Syracuse. B.C. 317-310. M. Obv. Head of Persephone;

beneath, N I. Bev. ZYPAKOZION. Quadriga ; above, triskelion.
In exergue, Al. Wt. 266*1 grs.

Although these coins do not bear the name of Aga-

68 PERIOD IV. C.

thocles, there can be no doubt that they belong to the
earlier part of his reign. ( Vide Head's Coinage of Syracuse^
p. 40, sq.)

29. Syracuse, b.c. 310-307. M. Obv. KOPAZ. Head of

Persephone, crowned with corn. Bev, Nike erecting .trophy. Ih
field, triskelion. Wt. 259-6 grs.

30. Syracuse, B.C. 307-289. Af. Obv, Head of Pallas. Bev.

ArAOOKAEOZ BAZIAEOZ. Thunderbolt. Wt. 87-8 grs.

About B.C. 306, Agathocles assumed the title of king, in
imitation perhaps of Antigonus, who was the first of the
successors of Alexander to adopt it in this same year.

31. Syracuse, b.c 307-289. JR. Obo, Head of Pallas. Rev.

Pegasus ; beneath, triskelion. Wt. 104 grs.

This is a piece of eight litree ; No. 30 was worth eighty
litrse, or ten silver staters. Various new multiples of
the litra occur from this time forward in the Syracusan
currency.

32. Syracuse, b.c 287-278. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head

of Persephone ; behind, poppy-head; beneath, ©E. Rev. Efll
IKETA. Nike, in biga; above, crescent moon ; beneath, 0. Wt.
65*4 grs.

33. 34. Syracuse, b.c. 287-278. M. Obv. Head of Persephone ;

behind— (33) amphora, (34) bucranium. Rev. ZYPAKOZION.
Nike, in biga; above, star. Wts. 195-5 grs. and 191'1 grs.

Although these coins do not bear the name of Hicetas,
there can be no doubt that they were struck under his
rule. They are pieces of fifteen litrse.

*35. Africa. Carthage. A/". Obv. Head of Persephone. Rev.
Horse, standing on dotted line, supported at either end by two
small symbols, a goat's head and an eye (?). Wt. 145*2 grs.

36. Carthage. M. Obv. Head of Herakles, as on coins of Alexander

the Great. Rev. Horse's head and palm-tree; beneath, in Punic
characters, am machanaty " people of the camp.** Wt. 257 grs.

This coin is subsequent to the time of Alexander ; the
two following are apparently somewhat earlier. They are
all undoubtedly by Greek artists.

37. Carthage. M. Obv. Head of Persephone, copied from coins of

Syracuse. Rev. Horse, prancing in front of palm-tree. Wt. 262 grs.

PERIOD IV. C. 69

38. Carthage. M. (^. Head of Persephone ; behind which, symbol

of Baal (?). Hev, Horse, standing in front of palm-tree : behind,
the sun ; beneath horse, a flower growing. Wt. 264 grs.

39. Cyrene. AT. Obv. Horseman ; behind, star. Hev. KYPA. Sil-

pmum plant. Wt. 438 grs.

40. Cyrene. M. Obv. Head of young Zeus Ammon. Sev, KYPA

Silphium plant. In field, tripod. Wt. 118*5 grs.

41. Cyrene. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Hev. KYPA. Silphium

plant. In field, jerboa and ZO. Wt. 105-1 grs.

The above coins of Cyrene were struck after b.c. 322,
when Cyrenalca was subject to the Ptolemies.

70 PERIOD V.

PERIOD v.— CIRCA B.C. 280-190.

During the third century B.C., the age of the Epigoni,
the coinage throughout Asia is almost exclusively regal ;
some even of those cities which preserved their autonomy
issued their coins in the name of Alexander, and with the
types of his money.

In European Greece, the tetradrachms of the kings of
Macedon are the most important ; but, towards the close
of the period, after the power of Philip V. had been re-
stricted by the Eomans, Athens once more became the
principal place of mintage in Greece ; the new Athenian
tetradrachms soon obtaining a world-wide circulation.

At Rome, silver was first coined in b.c. 268, and at the
same time the silver coinage of the parts of Italy subject
to Rome ceases. Tarentum continued to coin money
until B.C. 201.

In Sicily, Hiero II. struck coins both in his own name
and in that of Queen Philistis ; but in 212, on the cap-
ture of Syracuse by Marcellus, the right of coining in
Sicily was monopolised by Rome.

Carthage meanwhile continued to coin largely both in
gold and silver; her dodecadrachms, with the head of
Persephone on one side, and the horse on the other, being
the largest silver coins ever issued in ancient times.

The coins of this century are especially remarkable as
presenting a series of portraits of the kings of Egypt,
Syria, Bactria, Pontus, Bithynia, Pergamus, Macedon, and
Sicily, of inestimable historical value.

Although it cannot be affirmed that in any great degree
the coins of this period reflect the best contemporary art,
it is yet instructive to compare some of the reverse types
with the remaining sculptures of the time.

The plastic art of Periods V., VI. and VII., which it
is best to group together, is characterised —

(i.) By realism, striking effects, dramatic compositions.

The chief artists were — at Pergamus, Isigonus; at
Rhodes, Agesandros, Athanodorus, and Polydorus; at
Tralles, Apollonius and Tauriscus.

PERIOD v. 71

The chief extant works are — of the School of Pergamus,
The Dying Gaul, in the Capitol, Wounded Gauls and
Amazons, Naples, Venice, and other Museums, and the
group called " Paetus and Arria," in the Villa Ludovisi ;
of the School of Rhodes, the Laocoon, in the Vatican ; and
of the School of TraUes, the " Famese Bull," at Naples.

(ii.) By ideal mythological conceptions ; by personifica-
tions of abstract ideas ; and finally by reproductions
of older works.

The chief artists were — of the New Attic School, Apol-
lonius, son of Nestor, Cleomenes, son of Apollodorus,
Glycon, and others; and of the School of Italy, Pasiteles,
Menelaus, and Stephanus.

The chief extant works are — the Venus of Melos, the
Venus de' Medici, the Famese Hercules, and the group of
Orestes and Electra, at Naples ; the Belvedere Torso by
Apollonius the son of Nestor, and the Borghese Gladiator
by Agasias of Ephesus.

72 PERIOD V. A.

V. A.

1-4. Four tetradrachms with Alexander's types. No. 1
was struck at Cyzicus, probably in the time of Anti-
ochus II., about the middle of the third century.
Wt. 262 grs. No. 2 has the Carian double axe.
Wt. 264 grs. No. 3 Cannot be attributed with cer-
tainty, but probably belongs to the western part of
Asia Minor. Wt. 263 grs. No. 4 is of Aradus, in
Phoenicia, and bears the date 62 of the era of Ara-
dus, which commenced in B.C. 258. This coin was
therefore struck in B.C. 197. Wt. 264-7 grs.

*5. Pontus. Mithradates IV. M, Obv. Portrait of king. Hev.
BAZIAEnZ MI0PAAATOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated; in
front, a star and crescent. Wt. 264*7 grs.

This Mithradates reigned from B.C. 250-190. The star
and crescent are emblems of the sun and moon, and
allude to the religion of the Persians, from whom the
kings of Pontus were descended.

6. Calchedon. M, Obv. Head of Demeter, veiled. JRev. KAAX.

Apollo, seated on omphalos. Wt. 215'6 grs.

Compare the obverse of this coin with V. B. 3 and 32,
of Byzantium and Chalcis in Euboea; and the reverse
with V. A. 19, of Antiochus the Great. All these coins
may be assigned to the time of Antiochus III., b.c.
222-187.

7. Bithynia. Prusias I., B.C. 228-180. M. Obv. Head of

Prusias. Hev. BAZIAEOZ HPOYZIOY. Zeus, standing,
holding wreath and sceptre. Wt. 265 grs;

r

8. Pergamus. Eumenes I., B.C. 263-241. M, Obv. Head

of the king, diademed. liev, 01 AETAI POY. Pallas seated, left,
holding a shield in front of her. Wt. 259*4 grs.

The coins of the kings of Pergamus can only be ar-
ranged by style, as they all bear the name, and most of
them the portrait, of Phileteerus, the founder of the
dynasty. This coin is one of the earliest, and may be
given to Eumenes I., the nephew of PhUeteerus.

9. Pergamus. Attalus I., B.C. 241-197. JR. Obv. Head of

Phileteerus ; his diadem twined round a laurel-wreath. Jiev. Similar
to No. 8. Wt. 260 grs.

On the death of Eumenes, Attalus, the other nephew of

PERIOD V. A. 73

PMletaBrus, succeeded to the throne. The portrait on
this coin is that of his uncle, the ennnch Philetaerus.

10. Ephesns. M. Obv, Head of Artemis. Hev, E <^. Half-stag.

Magistrate's name, ZOZIZ. Wt. 101-6 grs.

This coin is of the Ptolemaic standard, and is of the
period during which Ephesns belonged to the Ptolemies,
after B.G. 258.

11. Bhodes. JR. 06v. Head of Helios, radiate. JRev. P O. Rose.

Magistrate's name, TEIZYAOZ. Symbol, Persephone (?), wear-
ing modius and holding flower. Wt. 203 grs.

A fine specimen of the best art of this period. The
date of this coin is probably ahont B.C. 200.

12-19. Syria. Antiochns I. (Soter), B.C. 280-261. (12) AT

(wt. 132 grs.) and (13) M (wt. 264-7 grs.). Head of Antiochus.
Mev. Apollo, on omphalos. (14) JR, Antiochus II. (Theos),
B.C. 261-246. i?«?. Herakles seated. Wt. 252-7 grs. (15) JR.
Selencns II. (Callinicus), B.C. 246-226. Sev, Apollo,
standing. Wt. 261-9 grs. (16) M. Antiochns Hierax, before

B.C. 227. i2«7. Apollo, on omphalos. Wt. 263-3 grs. (17) iR.

Selencns III. (Ceraunns), b.c. 226-222. Wt. 257-6 grs.
(18) M. Antiochus, son of Selencns III., b.c. 222.
Wt. 262-8 grs. (19) A/". Antiochus III. (the Great),

B.C. 222-187. wt. 522-9 grs.

These coins form, with No. 14, of Period IV. A., and
with Nos. 24-28, of Period VI. A., and Nos. 8-13, of
VII. A., an interesting series of portraits of the Seleucid
kings.

2(). Marathns. JR. Obv, Head of city, turreted. Bev. MAPA
©HNON. Male figure, holding aplastre and palm, seated on
shields. In field, date 33 = B.C. 226. Wt. 258 grs.

The head on this coin is one of the best of the period.
The attitnde of the figure on the reverse is probably sug-
gested by that of Apollo on the contemporary coins of
the kings of Syria.

21-27. Bactria. (21) A/". DiodotuS. i?et?. Zeus, hurling thunderbolt.
Wt. 128-3 grs. (22) A/". Euthydemus. JRev. Herakles, seated.
Wt. 129 grs. (23) JR. Demetrius. Bev. Herakles, crowning
himself. Wt. 259*5 grs. (24) JR. Euthydemus II. Eev.
Heracles, standing. Wt. 260-7 grs. (*25) M. Antimachus.

74 PERIOD V. A.

Jieo. Poseidon, standing, holding trident and palm. Wt.
262-3grs. (26) M. Agathocles. Hev. BAZIAEYONTOZ
ArAOOKAEOYZ AIKAIOY. Zeus, hurling thunderbolt. Obv.
AIOAOTOY ZOTHPOZ. Head of Diodotus. Wt. 263-5 grs.
(27) ^. Agathocles. Hev. Same inscription. Herakles,
seated. Obv. EY0YAHMOY 0EOY. Head of EuthydemuB.
Wt. 261-2 grs.

This remarkable series of coins famishes us with the
names of the successors of Alexander's generals in Bactria
and India, from about b.c. 250, the date of the separation
of Bactria from the Seleucid kingdom under Diodotus as
an independent king, down to the time of Antiochus the
Great of Syria. Agathocles, on the two specimens above
described, places the heads of his predecessors, Diodotus
and Euthydemus, on his coinage, but there are other
specimens with his own portrait.

28-34. Egypt. (28) AT. Obv. AAEA<l>nN. Ptolemy II.
and Arsinoe II. Hev. ©EfiN. Ptolemy I. and Bere-
nice I. wt. 428-6 grs. Ptolemy Soter and Berenice
were deified after their deaths, and entitled 0EOI
ZOTHPEZ. Arsinoe was sister and second wife of
Ptolemy 11., B.C. 285-247. (*29) AT. Arsinoe 11. jRev.
APZINOHZ <J>IAAAEA<J>OY. Double cornucopia. Wt. 429 grs.
(30) AT. Ptolemy III. (Euergetes), B.C. 247-222.
Bev, riTOAEMAlOY BAZIAEOZ. Comucopiae, surmounted
by semicircle of rays. Wt. 429-5 grs. (31) AT. Berenice IL,

wife of Ptolemy III. i2«7. BEPENIKHZ BAZIAIZZHZ.
Comucopiae. In field, bee. Perhaps struck at Ephesus. Wt. 427'9

grs. (32) AT. Ptolemy IV. (Philopator), B.C. 222-205.
Bev, riTOAEMAlOY <MAOnATOPOZ. Eagle on thunderbolt.
Wt. 428-3 grs. (33) AT. Arsinoe III., wife and sister
of Ptolemy IV. Hev. 'APZINOHZ <l>IAOnATOPOZ.
Cornucopise. Wt. 41 87 grs. (34) AT. Ptolemy V. (Epi-

phanes), B.C. 205-181. JRev. HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEnZ.

Eagle on thunderbolt. Wt. 429 grs.

These magnificent Egyptian gold coins bear authentic
and striking portraits of the reigning monarchs, not,
as is generally the case with the sUver money, the
traditional portrait of the founder of the dynasty.

PERIOD y. B. 75

V. B.

1. OdesSUS. U. Obo. Head of Alexander the Great, with horn of

Ammon. B4n. BAZIAEOZ AYZIMAXOY. Pallas Nikephoros,
seated. In field, monogram of Odessus, and magistrate's name,
KOI. Wt. 129 grs.

2. OdessuB. M. Obv, Head of Herakles, in lion's skin. Bev.

BAZIAEOZ AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated. Mono-
gram of Odessus, and same magistrate's name. Wt. 257 grs.

Coins bearing the names of Lysimacliiis and of Alex-
ander continued to be issued after the death of those
monarchs, both in Thrace and Asia Minor. Cf. V. A. 1-4.

3. Byzantinm. M. Obv, Head of Demeter, veiled. Bev, EH I

MENIZKOY. Poseidon, seated on rock, holding trident and
aplustre. In field, monogram of Byzantium. Wt. 206 grs.

Compare this coin with that of Calchedon, V. A. 6.

4. Samothrace. JR. Obv. Head of Pallas. Bev. ZAMO. Cjbele,

seated on throne, beneath which, lion. Magistrate's name,
MHTPnNAZ. Wt. 125-3 grs.

Both Alexander and Lysimachus, according to L. Miiller,
struck money in Samothrace. As the types of this auto-
nomous coin are suggested by the gold coinage of Alex-
ander, it is probable that Samothrace regained its inde-
pendence after the death of Lysimachus, whose widow
Arsinoe fled there in 279 from Ptolemy Ceraunus, then
king of Macedon.

5. Macedonia. Antigonus Gx)nata8, B.C. 277-239. JR.

Obo. Macedonian shield, in the centre of which a head of Pan,
horned; behind his head a pedum. Bev, BAZIAEOZ ANTI
rONOY. Athena Alkis, hurling thunderbolt. Wt. 265 grs.

The head of Pan on the coins of Antigonus refers to the
panic of the Gauls when Antigonus defeated them in
B.C. 277, which was followed by their retreat from Macedon
and the recovery of the kingdom by Antigonus. The
style of the figure of Pallas on the reverse of this coin
is archaistic, not archaic.

6« Antigonus DoSOn, e.g. 229-220. Obts, Head of Poseidon. Rev,
BAZ(AEnZ ANTirONOY. Apollo, holding bow, seated on the
prow of a galley. Wt. 260 grs.

This coin is usually attributed to Antigonus, king of
Asia, B.C. 306-301, but the flat fabric of the piece, no less

76 PERIOD V. B.

than the effeminate character of the art, renders it pro-
bable that it was struck by Antigonus Doson. This king
made an expedition by sea against Caria, which he, in
alliance with Antiochns Hierax, took from Ptolemy Euer-
getes. Compare the attitude of the seated Apollo on this
piece with that on the contemporary Syrian coins, V. A.
12-19, and the head on the obverse with that of Zens on
VI. B. 16, of Epirus. For portrait of Antigonus Doson,
see below, V. B. 27.

7. Philip v., B.C. 220-178. M. Obv. Macedonian shield; in the
centre of which head of Perseus, wearing winged helmet, surmounted
by griffin's head; at his shoulder, harpa. Hev. BAZIAEOZ
<l>IAinnOY. Club, in oak- wreath ; outside wreath, harpa. Wt.
260-3 grs.

The head on this coin is a portrait of Philip himself, in
the character of Perseus.

*8. Philip v., B.C. 220-178. M. Obv, Head of Philip. Hev.
BAZIAEnZ <PIAinnOY. Athena Alkis, in fighting attitude.
Wt. 259 grs.

9. Dyrrhaohium. Monunius. M, Obv, Cow, suckling calf.

Bev. BAZIAEnZ MONOYNIOY, "Gardens of Alcinoils."
Wt. 161 grs.

Monunius was an lUyrian chief, who, during the inva-
sion of the Gauls, circa B.C. 280, seized upon Dyrrhachinm.

10. Epirus. Pyrrhus, B.C. 295-272. AT. Obv, Head of Pallas ;

behind, owl. Bev, HYPPOY BAZIAEOZ. Nike, cariying oak-
wreath and trophy. Symbol, bucranium. Wt. 132*5 grs.

*11. Pyrrhus. -ZR. Obv, Head of Dodonasan Zeus, wearing oak-
wreath. Hev, BAZIAEOZ HYPPOY. Dione, seated on throne,
holding sceptre, and raising her veil. Wt. 258 grs.

Some of the coins of Pyrrhus were struck in Sicily, and
others in Epirus. A comparison of the head on the gold
stater of Pyrrhus with that on the coin of JEtolia, V. B.
14, is sufficient to prove that this stater (No. 10) is
Epirote ; and as tetradrachms of the Attic standard were
at this period not current in Sicily, the same may be
affirmed of No. 11. This coin is, perhaps, the finest known
of this period of art.

12. Epirus. JR, Obv. Heads of Dodona^an Zeus and Dione ; behind,
monogram. Eev. AflEIPfiTAN. Butting bull; the whole in
oak-wreath. Wt. 154 grs.

When the family of Pyrrhus became extinct, about B.C.

PERIOD V. B. 77

231, a republican form of government was established in
Epirus, which continued till the conquest of Macedonia
by Bome, in 168. This coin belongs to the earlier period
of the Epirote League. For later coins, cf. VI. B. 16, 17.

13. Acamania. JR. Obv. Head of river-god Acheloiis. In field,
AYKOYPrOZ. Ref>. AKAPNANnN. Apollo Actius, seated,
holding bow. Wt. 158 grs.

These coins of the Acamanian League were struck
about the middle of the third century, probably at Thyr-
reum. The style of the seated Apollo on the reverse may
be compared with that of Apollo on the tetradrachm of
Antigonus Doson, V. B. 6.

♦14. jEtolia. M. Obv. Head of Pallas. Rev. AITflAflN. iEtolia,
seated on shields ; she holds Nike. Wt. 132*7 grs.

This figure is sometimes called Atalanta.

15. -^tolia. A/". 06i?. HeadofHeralsles. i2«?. AITOAON. SimiUr.

In field, Artemis. Wt. 66 grs.

16. -^tolia. M. Obv. Head of Herakles. Hev. AITOAON.

^tolia, seated on shields, among which the Macedonian shield is
conspicuous. Wt. 259 grs.

The above coins of the w^tolian League belong to the
earlier half of the third century b.c. The obverses are
imitated from coins of Alexander the Great. The gold
stater, V. B. 14, may be compared with the contemporary
stater of Pyrrhus, V. B. 10.

17. ^tolia. JR, Obv. Head of Antiochus III. (?), bound with oak-

wreath and royal diadem intertwined. Eev. A I TO AON. iEtolian
hero Meleager, naked, placing his right foot on a rock, and lean-
ing on knotted hunter's spear, sword under his arm. Wt. 158*4 grs.

18. ^tolia. JR. Obv. Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder,, bow and

quiver. i2ec. AITOAON. ^tolia, seated on shields. Wt. 81-8 grs.

These two coins, which bear the same magistrate's
signature, <l>l, were probably struck in the year 192-191,
when Antiochus was elected avroicparcop arparqyos of the
iBtolian League.

19. Boeotia. M. 06t>. Head of Demeter, facing. Bev. B0\C1TC1U.

Poseidon, standing, holding dolphin, and leaning on trident. Wt.

78-1 grs.
Coins of this type probably belong to the earlier half of
the second century B.C. They appear to be later than
IV. B. 22.

78 PERIOD V. B.

20. Athens. JR. Gbv. Head of Pallas, wearhifr crested helmet,

unadomed. Bev, AOE. Owl, standing on amphora; on either
side, magistrate's monogram; the whole in olire-wreath. Wt.

259 grs.

Coins of this large flat fabric, with the names of the
magistrates under whose authority they were issued
merely indicated by monograms, are the earliest of the
later series of Athenian money.

21. Athens. JR. Obv, Similar head ; helmet richly adorned with griffin

and foreparts of horses. i2«?. AOE - M I KinN - EYPYKAEI -
APEZTOZ. Owl on amphora; the whole in olive-wreath. On
amphora, K ; beneath, M E. Symbol in field, the Dioscuri. Wt.

260 grs.

Euryclides and Micion are mentioned by historians as
TrpocrraTat of the Athenians in B.C. 217. The two magis-
trates on this coin may be these persons, their nephews
or grandsons. The letter K on the amphora is used as a
numeral to indicate the tenth prytany during which the
third magistrate, in the present instance, APEZTOZ, was
in office. The first two magistrates on these late Athe-
nian coins held their places for one year; the third was
changed every prytany, about once a month. ME
beneath the amphora is the mark of the particular work-
shop in the mint in which the die was engraved. The
accessory symbol in the field is almost always the seal of
the magistrate whose name stands second on the coin.

22. Athens. JR. Similar types. Magistrates* names, EYPYKAEI

-APIAPA-HPAKAEI. Wt. 258-7 grs.

On this coin Euryclides is promoted from the second to
the first magistrature. It will be seen, by comparing
these coins of Athens with those which belong to the
next period, that the style of the art continues slowly to
deteriorate.

23. Achaean League. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus Homagyrius. Ber>.

Monogram of the Achseans, two smaller monograms of magistrates,
and a dolphin ; the whole in an olive-wreath. Wt. 36 grs.

The dolphin is the symbol of -^gina, which joined the
league about B.C. 229.

24. Achaean League. &. Similar types; but on rev. AN, for

Antigoneia. Wt. 38*5 grs.

The city of Mantineia received this name in b.c. 222
from Aratus, in honour of Antigonus Doson.

PERIOD V. B. 79

25. AchsBan League. -51. Similar types; but on rev, wolf's

head, the symbol of Argos, which joined the league in B.C. 228.
Wt. 35-7 grs.

. The style of this coin shows it to have been struck very
soon after the above date. Each one of the confederate
towns of the Achaean League issued, under the responsi-
bility of its own magistrates, a portion of the federal
coinage in silver or copper. Coins bearing the marks of
forty-five of these towns are known.

26. EllS. ^. Obv, Head of Zeus, laureate. Rev, F A. Eagle ; in

front of which a coiled serpent. Magistrate's signature, Al. Wt.
184 grs.

Elis continued to coin money independently of the
AcheEfan League, down to the year B.C. 191, when it was
the last city in Peloponnesus to join the league. The
head of Zeus on this coin is of a late period, not much
before B.c. 200.

*27. LacedaBmon. M, Obv, Head of a king, diademed. Sev, A A.
Archaic image of the Apollo of Amyclse, or of Athena Chalcioecus,
holding spear and bow ; beside the statue, a goat. Wt. 255'5 grs.

The portrait on this coin has usually been said to be
that of Cleomenes III., B.C. 236-220, but it has lately been
identified as that of Antigonus Doson, in whose honour it
may have been struck after the Battle of Sellasia, b.c. 221.

28. Crete. AUaria. M. Obv, Head of Pallas. Sev, A A. Herakles,

seated on rocks. Wt. 235 grs.

The style of the seated Herakles on this coin shows it
to have been struck about the end of the third century

B.C.

29. Euboea. Carystus. AF. Obv. Head of Herakles, bearded.

Rev, KAPY. Bull reclining ; above, trident; beneath, club. Wt.
49-3 grs.

The style of the head of Herakles on this coin is dis-
tinctly later than that of the silver coins of the same
type. It may be as late as the beginning of the second
century B.C.

30. Carystus. M. Obv, Head of Antiochus III. (?), bound with oak-

wreath entwined with diadem. Sev, KAPYZTION. Nike, in
biga. Wt. 98-5 grs.

This coin is contemporary with V. B. 17, and was pro-
bably struck in b.c. 191, when Antiochus was in Euboea.

80 PERIOD V. B.

31. ChalciS. JR. Obv. Female head, wearing earring; two long

locks of hair hang down her neck, behind. Bev. XAAKI. Eagle,
standing with open wings, and contending with serpent. Magis-
trate's name, M E N E A H . Wt. 84-8 grs.

The spread fabric of this coin, the treatment of the hair
on the obverse, and the expression in the attitude of the
eagle, all point to a late period.

32. Chalcis. ^. Obv, Head of queen as Hera, veiled. Meo.

XAAKI AEON. Demeter, holding torch, in quadriga; beneath,
EENOKPATHZ. The whole in oak-wreath. Wt. 254-5 grs.

The head on the obverse may be an idealised portrait of
the lady of Chalcis whom Antiochus III. married there, in
B.C. 191 ; the reverse may commemorate the games held on
the occasion of the nuptials.

33. Eretria. JR. Obv. Head of Artemis. Bev. EPETPIEON.

Bull reclining; beneath, <PANIAZ. Wt. 86*5 grs.

Probably not earlier than B.C. 200.

34. Pares. JR. Obv. Female head, bound with crossing bands. Eev.

riAPI. Goat. Magistrate's name, AN AH IK. Wt. 118 grs.

PEKIOD V. C. 81

V. c.

1. Oallia. Massilia. M. Obv. Head of Artemis, her hair adorned
with sprigs of olire; at her shoulder, bow and quiver. Bev.
MAZZAAIHTON. Lion. Wt. 43 grs.

*2. Italia. Borne. M. Denarius, Obv. Head of Roma, wearing

winged helmet; behind, X (10 asses). Sev. ROMA (in incase
letters). The Dioscuri, charging, as they appeared at the battle of
the Lake Regillus. Wt. 66*7 grs.

3. Borne. JR. Quinarius. Same types ; behind head, V (5 asses).

Wt. 34-5 grs.

4. Borne. ^. Sestertius. Same types; behind head, IIS (2 asses

and 1 semis). Wt. 16*5 grs.

As early as b.c. 451 the Decemyirs instituted a coinage
at Borne, but only in copper, of which large clumsy
pieces, aes grave, were cast, not struck. Not until b.c. 268
was silver money coined at Bome, and at the same time
the issue of gold and silver money was forbidden in all
the subject districts of Italy.

5. Bome. M. Victoriatus, 06t?. Head of Jupiter. Sev. ROMA.

Victory crowning trophy of arms ; between Victory and trophy,
moneyer's mark, a sow. Wt. 44*5 grs.

The victoriate was first issued in B.C. 228, when the
Bomans established themselves in Corcyra and lUyria,
where it appears to have originated. The specimen here
given was struck between b.c. 216 and 197.

6. Bome. AF. Ofw. Head of Mars; behind, marks of value (60

sestertii). Bev. ROMA. Eagle, on thunderbolt. Wt. 52 grs.

Gold pieces of the value of 60, 40, and 20 sestertii began
to be issued by Boman generals in southern Italy B.C. 217,
during the war against Hannibal. The work of these
coins is Greek. The high values with which they are
marked is a proof that they were struck on some ex-
ceptional occasion. They are in fact coins of necessity,

7. Bomano-Campanian. AF. Ofw. Janiform head, laureate. Hev.

ROMA. Two soldiers, taking an oath upon a pig, held by a kneel-
ing man. Wt. 106*1 grs.

8. Bomano-Campanian. M. Obv. Janiform head, laureate. Bev.

ROMA (in incuse letters). Jupiter, with thunderbolt and sceptre,
in quadriga, accompanied by Victory. Wt. 100*6 grs.

These coins were probably issued between about b,c.

82 PERIOD V. C.

300 and 268, in which last year the coinage of silver was
restricted to Eome itself.

9. Campania. Cales. M. Obv, Head of Pallas. Hev, CALENO.

Nike, in biga. Wt. 113 grs.

This town was colonised from Eome in B.C. 334. The
silver money which bears its name must be attributed to
the period between this year and b.c. 268.

10. Snessa. M, Obv, Head of Apollo ; behind, ear of corn. Bev.

8VESANO. Horseman, carrying palm, riding on one and leading
a second horse. Wt. 113*2 grs.

Suessa was occupied by a Eoman colony about b.c. 313.
Like Cales, it ceases to coin silver in B.C. 268.

11. Nuceria Alfatema. M. Obv, Name of town, in Oscan

characters. Young male head, with ram's horn ; behind, dolphin.'
Bev* One of the Dioscuri, standing beside horse. Wt. 110*3 grs.

The silver money of this city is contemporary with
that of Cales and Suessa.

12. Teanum Sidicinum. M. Obv. Head of young Herakles, in

lion*s skin ; beneath, club. Hev, Name of town, in Oscan characters.
Nike, in biga. Wt. 107*5 grs.

This coin is clearly contemporary with No. 9, of Cales.

13. Apulia. Arpi. M. 06«. APPANON. Head of Persephone ;

behind, ear of com. Itev, AAXOY. Prancing horse; above, star.
Wt. 110-8 grs. .

The name of the magistrate on this coin recalls that of
Daxus Altinius, mentioned by Livy as chief magistrate
of Arpi during the Hannibalic war.

14. Calabria. Tarentum. AT. Obv, Head of Herakles. Bev,

TAPANTINON. Taras, holding trident, driving biga; beneath,
API, and thunderbolt. Wt. 132 grs.

This magistrate's name may be identical with that
which occurs on No. 16.

15. Tarentum. ^. Obv. Boy on horse, received by naked man;

beneath, APIZTIfl. Bev. Taras, holding bow and arrow, riding
on dolphin ; beneath, elephant. Wt. 98*5 grs.

The elephant on this coin points to the time of Pyrrhus
as the earliest probable date to which it can be assigned.
The gold coin, No. 14, is the latest in style of all the gold

PERIOD V. C. 83

money of Tarentum. Cfl IV. 0. 13, which is of the same
type, but much earlier. This coin (V. 0. 15) may be as
late as B.C. 209.

-N.

16. Tarentum. M. Obv. Horseman, wearing chlamys. Magistrate's

name, jiENOKPATHZ. £ev, TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin; he
holds trident ; beneath, wares, in which cuttle-fish. Wt. 99*4 grs.

17. Lucania. Heraolea. M. Obv, HHPAKAEinN. Head of

Pallas. £ev. Herakles, standing, holding club and lion's skin.
Nike, flying, about to crown him. Magistrate, <M AO. Wt. 97-9 grs.

18. Thurium. M, Obv. Head of Apollo. Hev, QOYPICIH. Butting

bull ; above, API. In exergue, tripod. Wt. 94 grs.

Nos. 16-18 seem to be some of the latest silver coins of
their respective cities.

19. VeUa. M. 06t?. Head of Pallas, wearing winged helmet. Eev,

YEAHTON. Lion, walking. Magistrates' letters, and ear of
com. Wt. 115*7 grs.

This coin may be attributed to the middle of the third
century.

20. Bruttii. JJ. Obv, Head of Poseidon. Beff., BPETTION.

Amphitrite, veiled, seated on sea-horse ; before her stands an Eros,
drawing a bow. Wt. 65*5 grs.

21. Bruttii. ^. Obv, Heads o^ the Dioscuri, surmounted by stars.

Bev. BPETTION. The Dioscuri, on horseback. Wt. 86*1 grs.

22. Bruttii. JR. Obv. Head of Amj^hitrite, veiled ; at her shoulder,

sceptre. Hev, BPETTION. Poseidon, naked, placing his right
foot on the capital of an Ionic column, and resting on sceptre. In
field, crab. Wt. 72*4 grs.

Shortly after the time of Pyrrhus, the coinage of the
towns 01 Bruttium ceases, and is replaced by a federal
coinage, of which the above pieces are examples. This
lasts until after the Hannibalic war.

*23. Locri. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus. £ev. AOKPON. Roma
(POM A), seated, with sword and shield, crowned by Fides
' (niZTIZ), who stands before her. Wt. 109*2 grs.

The obverse of this coin resembles so closely that of
Pyrrhus (V. B. 11) that, bearing in mind the type, it may
be considered as certain that it was struck in b.c. 274,
when the Bomans, after the final defeat of Pyrrhus, allowed
the Locrians to retain their autonomy.

G 2

84 PERIOD V. C.

24. Pyrrhus, in Italy. A/. Ofw, Head «f Artemis ; in front,

torch. Bev, HYPPOY BAZIAEHZ. Nike, carrying oak-wreath
and trophy; star above her head. In field, thunderbolt. Wt.
65 grs.

25. Pjrrrhus. A/". 06r. Head of Artemis; at her shoulder, quiver;

behind, thunderbolt. Jtev. PIYPPOY BAZIAEOZ. Similar
type. Wt. 66 grs.

26. Pyrrhus. M. Obv, Head of Achilles, Sev. BAZIAEOZ

riYPPOY. Thetis, veiled, riding on a sea-horse, and carrying a
rounjl shield. Wt. 130 grs.

27. Pyrrhus. ^. Head of Persephone; behind, amphora.

Jtev. BAZIAEOZ RYPPOY. Athena Alkis, in fighting atti-
tude. Wt. 87 grs.

Pyrrhus crossed over into Italy in b.c. 280. In Italy
and Sicily he passed six years, returning to Epirus in b.c.
274. it is difficult to discriminate between Ms Epirote,
Italian, and Sicilian coins. Nos. 25 and 27 appear to be
by Syracusan artists.

28. Sicily. Syracuse. Hiero II., b.c. 275-216. A/'. Obv,

Head of Persephone. Sev, lEPONOZ. Nike, in biga. Wt.
65-8 grs,

29. Syracuse. Hiero II. M. Obv. Head of Pallas. Sev.

lEPONOZ. Pegasus. Wt. 85-5 grs.

ITiese coins, with Corinthian types, belong to the
earlier years of Hiero's reign.

*30. Syracuse. Hiero II. M, Obv. Head of Hiero, wearing
royal diadem, i?^. BAZIAEOZ lEPONOZ. Nike, in quad-
riga. Wt. 428-4 grs.

This piece, of the weight of 32 silver litrse, is one of
the finest coins of the third century B.C.

*31. Syracuse. Philistis. JR. Obv. Head of Philistis, reiled.
Rev. BAZIAIZZAZ <l>IAIZTIAOZ. Nike, in quadriga. Wt.
209-5 grs.

Philistis, only known from her coins, and from an in-
scription in the theatre at Syracuse, was probably the
wife of Hiero. The coins of this queen are among the
most beautiful of the period to which they belong.

PERIOD V. C. 85

32. Sicily, ^. 06o. Head of Demeter, veiled, and wearing wreath

of corn. 72to. ZIKEAIOTAN. Nike, in quadriga; above, mo-
nogram, which may stand for the name of Hiero of Syracuse. Wt.
104-3 grs.

After the conclusion of the First Punic War, b.c. 241, the
whole island of Sicily was divided between Hiero and
the Eomans. These coins were probably struck for the
dominions of Hiero outside the territory of Syracuse.

33. Syracuse. Hieronymus, b.c. 216-215. M. 06c. Head

of HieroBymus, diademed. jR^. BAZIAEOZ lEPONYMOY.
Thunderbolt. Wt. 313-6 grs.

34. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. AJ'. Obv. Head of Pallas. Bev.

Z Y PA KOZ ION. Artemis (huntress), with bow and arrow, quiver,
and hound. Wt. 42 grs.

35. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. M. Obv. Head of Zeus. Bev,

ZYPAKOZION. Nike, in quadriga. Wt. 210-4 grs.

36. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. M. Ofw, Head of bearded Herakles,

in lion's skin. i2^. ZYPAKOZION. Nike, in biga. Wt. 78-6 grs.

37. Syracuse, b.c. 215-212. M. Ofw. Head of Persephone,

crowned with corn; behind, owl. Jtev, ZYPAKOZION. Nike,
in quadriga. Wt. 108 grs.

After the assassination of Hieronymus, in B.C. 215, a
republic was proclaimed at Syracuse. Nos. 34-37 were
struck during the period which intervened between this
date and the capture of the city by the Komans under
M. Marcellus, in B.C. 212.

38. Sicily. Tauromenium. M. 06t7. Head of Apollo ; behind,
star. iZep. TAYPOMENITAN. Tripod. Wt. 50-9 grs.

The weight of this coin, no less than the style, proves
it to belong to the age of Hiero II.

39. Africa. Carthage. SL. Obv. Head of Persephone. Hev.

Horse standing. Wt. 115-5 grs.

This coin, though identical in type with IV. C. 35, is
not only of a reduced standard, but of a metal much
alloyed with silver ; a considerable deterioration of style
may also be detected.

40. Carthage. JR. Obo. Head of Persephone. Eev. Prancing

horse. Wt. 700 grs.

This large coin is a Punic dgdecadrachm. A comparison

86 PERIOD V. C.

of the debased and exaggerated style of these coins with
the more correct art of the coins of the previous period
shows that they belong to a later age. They probably
are of the first half of the third century.

41. Carthage. M. 06p. Head of Persephone. i2ra. Horse, looking

back. Wt. 82-9 grs.

This coin is contemporary with the last.

42. Cyrene. ^. Obv. Head of Zens Ammon, with ram's horn, and

bound with taenia. Bev, KOINON. Silphium plant. Wt.
117 grs.

The coins with this legend were issued for the whole
district of Cyrenaica during a short period of independ-
ence, when Ecdemus and Demophanes, citizens of Megalo-
polis, went over to Africa at the invitation of the people
of Cyrene to regulate their affairs, circa B.C. 243.

PJBEIOD VI. 87

PERIOD VI.— CIRCA B.C. 190-100.

The defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at the Battle
of Magnesia, b.c. 190, was for western Asia Minor no less
important than the defeat of Philip V. at Cynoscephal©
in B.C. 197 had been for European Greece. The freedom of
many Greek cities in Asia was forthwith proclaimed by
the Romans, in consequence of which they again obtained
the right of coining money. This privilege they imme-
diately took advantage of by issuing coins either in their
own names, as e.g. did Lampsacus, Alexandria Troas,
Ilium, Tenedos, Cyme, Myrina, ErythraB, Heraclea loniaB,
Lebedus, Magnesia, Smyrna, Perga, &c., or on the pattern
of the money of Alexander the Great, and in his name,
but with the addition of their respective badges and of the
names of their local magistrates in the field. Among
these towns were some of the above (which thus appear
to have coined simultaneously money of both sorts), and
Temnos, Mitylene, Phocaea, Miletus, Chios, Samos, Cos,
Rhodes, with many others. The adoption of Alexander's
coin-types by these cities is a proof that money of this
type was still the principal circulating medium ; for a
general return to an extinct type by so many towns
would be inexplicable. All these coins are easily dis-
tinguished from the earlier money of Alexander by their
large dimensions and spread fabric. The period during
which the cities enjoyed the right of coinage differed.
Rhodes, for instance, probably ceased to strike Alex-
andrine tetradrachms in b.c 168, when the Romans,
deprived her of her territory on the mainland; other
cities may have continued to coin until b.c. 133, when the
Roman province of Asia was constituted, at which time
the coin called from its type the cistophorus was adopted
by the Romans as the standard coin for the whole pro-
vince of Asia. Meanwhile the series of the coins of the
kings of Egypt, Syria, Bactria, Parthia, Pontus, and
Bithynia, continued uninterruptedly, and presents us with
many valuable portraits. In Palestine, the Jews, under
Simon Maccabaeus, for the first time issued money bearing

88 PERIOD VI.

the inscriptions, " Shekel of Israel," and " Jerusalem the
holy," in virtue of a privilege conferred upon Simon by
AntiochuB VII. Sidetes.

In European Greece, the money of the kings of Macedon
comes to an end in b.c. 168, on the defeat of Perseus by
the Eomans, but soon afterwards silver was again issued
in Macedon, divided into four regions under Roman pro-
tection. Maronea in Thrace and Thasos probably began
to issue their large flat tetradrachms about the time when
the Macedonian coinage ceased, circa B.C. 146, when Mace-
donia west of the river Nestus was finally constituted a
Eoman province.

Athens continued to coin throughout the whole of this
period on an enormous scale, her tetradrachms forming
in fact the staple of the currency for the trade with the
East through the market at Delos. So favoured indeed
were these coins in the market that their types were
imitated by certain cities of Crete, among which may be
specified Cnossus, Gortyna, and Priansus.

In Italy, Rome suffered no money to be coined except
in the name of the Roman state, and by magistrates
specially appointed for the purpose. In Africa, Carthage
continued to strike down to the conquest and destruction
of the city in 146. In the West the coinage of Massilia
was plentiful, and among the Gauls barbarous copies of
the gold staters of Philip make their appearance. Artist-
ically, the coins of Asia are incomparably superior to
those of the West ; the money of Phamaces and Mithra-
dates of Pontus, of some of the Syrian and Bactrian
kings, and of a few of the Greek cities of Asia Minor,
such as Magnesia in Ionia, possessing great merit. For
the contemporary schools of sculpture and extant works
of art, see the remarks at the head of Period V.

PERIOD YU A. 89

VI. A,

1-4. Tetradrachms with name and types of Alexander
the Great, struck respectively at Temnos (wt. 257 grs.),
♦Smyrna (wt. 260 grs.), Rhodes (wt. 260 grs.), and Aspen-

dns (wt. 253-7 grs.).

After the defeat of Antiochus III. at Magnesia, B.C. 190,
many of the Greek cities of Asia, declared free by the
Bomans, began to strike money bearing the names and
types of Alexander. Other cities, about the same period
or somewhat later, struck money in their own names and
with their own types. See Nos. 8, 9, 11-20,

5. Pontus. Phamaces I., B.C. 184-157. M. Obv. Head of

king, diademed. Rev. BAZIAEOZ <t>APNAKOY. Male pan-
theistic divinity, holding comucopiae, caducens, and vine-branch,
from which a doe feeds. In field, sun and moon. Wt. 262*4 grs.

This Phamaces was the grandfather of Mithradates the
Great.

6. Cyzicus. .51. Obv. Female head, bound with oak-wreath, the

ends of a royal diadem hanging down behind. Rev, KYI I KH NON .
Long torch in oak-wreath. Wt. 251*7 grs.

The beautiful head of this tetradrachm is probably a
portrait of Apollonias, a Cyzicene lady who married
Attains I. of Pergamus, B.C. 241-197. After the death of
her husband, their sons Eumenes II. and Attains visited
Cyzicus with their mother, and after her death they
erected there a splendid temple in her honour.

7. Pergamus. Eumenes II., B.C. 197-159. Obv. Head of Eumenes,

diademed. Rev. BAZIAEOZ EYMENOY (stc). The Dioscuri,
or Cabiri, standing, facing ; the whole in oak-wreath. In the field,
a thyrsus. Wt. 235 grs.

A striking portrait of Eumenes II. The coin may have
been struck in the island of Syros, as the reverse type is
almost identical with that of the well-known coin with
the inscription, ©EON KABEIPON ZYPION, usually attri-
buted to Syros.

8. Lampsacus. JR. Obv. Head of bearded Dionysus, wearing

wreath of ivy. Rev, AAMYAKHNON. Apollo Citharoedus,
and magistrate's name, COJKPATOY TOY ZENO<l>ANOY.
Wt. 253 grs.

Lampsacus was one of the towns which had its freedom
restored by the Komans after the Battle of Magnesia.

90 PERIOD VI. A.

9. Pergamus. A^. Obv. Head of Pallas, wearing close-fitting

crested helmet. Rev, Palladiam. Wt. 44 grs.

4.

The style of this gold tetrobol is late; of. No. 17 of
Heraclea. It is probably contemporary with the earliest
cistophori.

10. Pergamus. ^. Obv, Cista mystica, with serpent; the whole

in ivy-wreath. Bev, Two serpents, twined round a bow-case.
Monogram of Pergamus in field. Wt. 192 grs.

The cistophori, the issue of which probably commenced
under the later kings of Pergamus, became after the
formation of the Roman province of Asia, B.c. 133, the
standard coinage for western Asia Minor. They were
issued at Parium, Adramyttium, Pergamus, Atameus (?),
Sardes, Thyatira, Tralles, Ephesus, Smyrna, Nysa, Apa-
mea, and Laodicea in Phrygia.

11. Alexandria Troas. M, Obv, Head of Apollo. Rev,

AnOAAONOZ IMIOEOZ AAEZANAPEON AYZA-
rOPOY. Apollo with bow, walking. In field, date 183 = B.C.
129. Wt. 250 grs.

Dated tetradrachms of Alexandria Troas are known of
the period between 137 and 226 of the Seleucid era = B.c.
175-76, during which Alexandria preserved the freedom
which it obtained as early as, or earlier than, the defeat of
Antiochus III. at Magnesia, B.C. 190. This specimen was
issued four years after the formation of the Eoman pro-
vince of Asia. Apollo Smintheus, the slayer of rats and
mice, had a temple near Alexandria.

12. Ilium. M. 06». Head of Pallas. Rev, ASMUAl. lAIAAOZ,

MENE<l>PONOZ TOY MENE<t)PONOZ. Athena Ilias,
holding spindle and spear. In field, bee. Wt. 250 grs.

The freedom and autonomy of Ilium were confirmed by
the Romans in e.g. 189, when its silver coinage commences.
The specially religious character of many of the coin-
types and legends of this period (cf. reverses of VI. A. 7,
8, 11, 12, 22, and B. 5, 6, 7) is remarkable.

13. Tenedos. M. TENEAION. Types similar to I. A. 19. Wt.

257-8 grs.

After an interval of about a century and a half, Tene-
dos, probably in B.C. 1 89, regained her freedom, and began
to issue flat tetradrachms on the Attic standard. A com-

PERIOD VI. A. 91

panson of the forms of the letters and of the style of the
art with those of the earlier coins is highly instructive.
Cf. I. A. 19 and III. A. 20.

14. Oyme. iS. Obv. Female head (the Amazon Cyme?), bound with

taenia. £ev. KYMAION. Bridled horse and one-handled vase.
In exergue, magistrate's name, KAAAIAZ. The whole in laurel-
wreath. Wt. 250 grsi

The flat tetradrachms of this town begin, as elsewhere,
in 189, when its freedom was confirmed.

15. Myrina. M. ()6o. Head of Apollo, i?^. MYPINAinN. Apollo,

with lutttral branch and patera. In front, omphalos and vase. The
whole in laurel-wreath. Wt. 257 grs.

The types of these coins refer to the ancient oracle of
Apollo at Grynium, within the territory of Myrina.

16. !Eirythr83. A/^. Obv. Head of young Herakles, in lion's skin.

£eo, EPY. Figure, in short chiton, holding spear and pome-
granate (?), and wearing headdress of £phesian Artemis. Magis-
trate's name in field. Wt. 43*5 grs.

The only period during which Erythrae could have
coined gold was between b.c. 190 and 133, when it was in
the enjoyment of full autonomy.

17. Heraclea. M. OHm, Head of Pallas, wearing helmet richly

ornamented with foreparts of horses, as on contemporary coins of
Athens. Bn, HPAkAEOTON. Club, in oak-wreath ; symbol,
Nike. Wt. 250-6 grs.

The tetradrachms of this Ionian city (b.c. 190-133)
were formerly attributed to Heraclea Sintica in Mace-
donia, but erroneously.

18. Lebedus. M. ()6o. Head of Pallas. 22^. AEBEAION. Owl,

on club, between comuacopiie. The whole in laurel-wreath. Magis-
trate's name, AflOAAOAOTOZ. Wt. 255-5 grs.

♦19. Magnesia. M. €bo. Head of Artemis. . i2ev. MArNHTON.
Apollo beside tripod, on mseander pattern. Magistrate's name,
EY<l>HMOZ nAYZANIOY. The whole in laurel-wreath. Wt.
254 grs.

20. Smyrna. M. Gbo. Head of Amazon Smyrna, turreted. Bev.
IMYPNAION, in oak-wreath. Wt. 254 grs.

The three coins above described are all fine, specimens
of the art of the period between b.c. 190 and 133.

92 PERIOD VI. A.

21, BhodeS. Nf. Obv. Head of Helios, radiate. Sev. P O. Rose ;
above, ANTAIOZ. The whole in fiat incuse square. Wt.
131-2 grs.

At the conclusion of the peace, B.C. 189, after the
battle of Magnesia, Bhodes obtained a large accession of
territory, including Lycia, exclusive of Telmessus, and
the greater part of Caria south of .the Mseander. In 1 68
the Bomans put an end to the Bhodian power on the
mainland, and the Lycian League was formed, the coins
of which have the same flat incuse square as the Bhodian
coins of this period, from which they took it. Contempo-
rary with this gold money of Bhodes are the tetradrachms
with the name of Alexander. VI. A. 3.

22. Perga. M. Obv. Head of Artemis. Jlev. APTEMIAOZ

nEPFAIAZ. Artemis Pergaea, with wreath and sceptre; at her
feet, stag. Wt. 257 grs.

The style and religious character of the reverse of this
coin (cf. VI. A. 11 and 12, above) are sufficient to prove-
that rerga preserved its freedom both against Eumenes
and Antiochus, at the conclusion of the peace of 189,
when the possession of Pamphylia was disputed between
them.

23. Cappadocia. Orophemes, b.c. 158-157. JR. Obv. Head

of king. Eev. BAZIAEOZ OPO<l>EPNOY NIKH<l>OPOY.
Nike, with wreath and palm, &c. Wt. 253 grs.

Found with six others of the same king under the
pedestal of the statue of Athena Polias on the site of her
temple at Priene, in 1870. (C. T. Newton, Num. Chron.
N. S. xi. 19.)

24-28. Syria. Tetradrachms of— (24) Alexander T. (Balas),
B.C. 152-144. Struck at Tyre; date, year 163 of
Seleucid era = B.c. 149. Wt. 221-8 grs. (*25) Antio-
chus VI. (Dionysus), B.C. 145-142. Hev. Dioscuri. Wt.
2551 grs. (26) Tryphon (Diodotus), B.C. 142-139.
Bev. Helmet, with large ibex-horn in front. Wt. 246*8 grs,

(27) Demetrius II. (Nicator), second reign, B.C.

130-125. Rev. Zeus, seated. Wt. 253-6 grs. (28) Cleo-
patra, B.C. 125. Bev. Two cornuacopise. Wt. 257 grs.

The series of the Seleucid kings is here continued from
V. A. 12-10.

PERIOD VI. A. 93

29. Tyre. M. Obo. Head of Herakles. Ber>, TYPOY lEPAZ

KAI AZYAOY. Eagle, on rudder. Year 2 = B.C. 124. Wt.
214 grs.

In B.C. 125, Tyre, hitherto subject to the Syrian kings,
commences a new era of autonomy. The coins dated
according to this era continue in an unbroken series
down to the reign of Nero,

30. Aradus. M, Obv. Head of city, tnrreted. £ev, APAAION.

Nike, holding aplnstre. Date 127 = B.C. 132. The whole in laurel-
wreath. Wt. 230 grs.

The era according to which the coins of Aradus are
dated begins in b.g. 258, under Antiochus II. The issue
of tetradrachms like the above did not, however, commence
till B.C. 136, and comes to an end in less than a century.

31. Jeruscdem. M. Shekel. Simon Maccabasus, b.g. 143-

135. Obv, /HTtS^ /pIS^. Shekel of Israel. A cup, or chalice.
Above the letters, H^ (for *1"njfi^, sJieruxth ar6a), year 4. £ev.

ntS^npn Dvfi^^^« Jeruahalaim hak-hedoahah, *' Jerusalem the
holy." A triple lily. Wt. 220 grs.

Antiochus Vn. (Sidetes), B.C. 138-129, conferred upon
Simon Maccabseus, the brother of Judas and high-priest
and prince of the Jews, the right of coining money. Some
numismatists attribute these shekels to the time of Ezra,
circa B.C. 458-432 (Ezra vii. 18 ; Neh. v. 15), to whom
a special commission was granted by Artaxerxes Longi-
manus; and it must be confessed that neither style,
palaeography, nor weight, offers any serious objections to
this attribution. On the other hand, there are no traces
of the incuse square almost universal in the fifth century,
and the honorific title, HK^np, "the holy," added to the
name of the city, is almost proof conclusive that the coin
belongs to the period when Sidon, Tyre, and Byblus
adopted the same title, b.c. 176-120. Keither does the
word naK' occur on any Phoenician coins before the year
B.G. 238, when Aradus and Marathus begin to use it.

The chalice on these coins is usually called the pot of
manna : a similar one is represented on the triumphal
arch of Titus. The reverse-type is supposed by some to
portray Aaron's rod that budded.

32. Bactria. Eucratides, circa b.g. 180-150. M. OH

Bust of king, helmeted. Rev. BAZIAEOZ MEPAAOY
EYKPATIAOY. The Dioscuri, on horseback, prancing. Wt.
258*2 grs.

94 PERIOD VI. A.

33. Bactria. Heliocles, after circa B.C. 150. Son of Eucra-

tides. M, Obv. Bust of king, diademed. Hev. BAZIAEOZ
HAIOKAEOYZ AIKAIOY. Zeus, sUnding, holding thunder-
bolt and sceptre. Wt. 261*2 grs.

34. Parthia. Arsaces VI. (Mithradates I.). M. Obv. Head

of king. Bev. BAZIAEOZ MEfAAOY APZAKOY <I>IAEA
AHNOZ. Herakles holdiDg wine-cup and club. Date 173 of
Seleucid era = B.C. 140. Wt. 246 grs.

Probably struck at some Greek city in or near Baby-
lonia.

35. Egypt. Ptolemy VI. PMlometor, B.C. 181-146. M

Obv, Head of Ptolemy Soter, diademed, and wearing aegis. Sev,
HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEOZ. Eagle, on thunderbolt. Wt.
219 grs.

Struck at Paphos, in Cyprus, in the twenty-eighth year
of his reign = b.c. 154-153.

PERIOD VI. B. 95

VI. B.

1. OdeSSUS. M. Alexandrine. Obv. Head of Herakles, in lion's

skin. Sev, BAZIAEOZ AAEZANAPOY. Zens Aetophoros,
seated; monogram of Odessas, in field; beneath, the Thracian
name KYPZA. Wt. 245 grs.

2. Mesembria. Alexandrine. Similar coin ; in field, a helmet, the

mint-mark of Mesembria. Wt. 262*5 grs.

3. 4. Byzantium. (3) AF. Stater. 06c. Head of Alexander the

Great, with horn of Ammon. Itev, BAZIAEOZ AYZIMAXOY.
Pallas Nikephoros, seated. On throne, BY ; beneath, trident. Wt.

127 grs. (4) M. Tetradrachm. Similar types. Wt.
259 grs.

These and other cities on the European shores of the
Euxine and the Propontis continued to issue their muni-
cipal money after the pattern of the coins of Alexander
and Lysimachus, probably because the barbarians of the
interior preferred that currency.

5. Maronea. M. 06©. Head of young Dionysus. J2«>. AIONYZOY

ZOTHPOZ MAPONITON. Dionysus, standing, holding grapes
and two stalks of the narthez. Wt. 244*1 grs.

6. Thasos. M. Obv. Head of young Dionysus. Bev, HPAKAEOYZ

ZnXHPOZ OAZION. Herakles, standing. Wt. 260-4 grs.

Maronea and Thasos probably began to coin these large
tetradrachms about the time when the silver coinage
ceases in Macedonia, b.c. 146. A comparison of these
coins with the contemporary dated tetradrachms of Alex-
andria Troas (VI. A. 11) shows the style of this period.

7. Thrace. M. Barbarous imitation of the last, but with H PA-

KAEOYZ ZnXHPOZ OPAKON. Wt. 252-2 grs.

This coin was struck by the Thracians, who, after the
reduction of Macedonia west of the Nestus into a Boman
province, b.c. 146, were left to their native rulers.

8. Thrace. Mostis. M, Obv, Head of king, diademed. JSev.

BAZIAEOZ MOZTIAOZ. EHI ZAAAAOY ETOYZ AH.

Wt. 250-4 grs.

The portrait of this king bears a striking resemblance
to those of Nicomedes IF., b.c. 149-91, and Nicomedes III.,
B.C. 91-74, of Bithynia (cf. VJI. A. 3). Mostis may have

96

PERIOD VI. B.

ruled in Thrace about the year b.c. 100. The date on this
com (year 38) cannot be referred with certainty to any
era, and is probably a regnal year.

9. Macedonia. Perseus, b.c, 179-168. M. Obv. Head of

king; beneath, lOlAOY. Hev, BAZIAEOZ OEPZEOZ.

Eagle on thunderbolt ; the whole in oak-wreath. Wt. 259*5 grs.

This is a remarkable portrait of the last Greek king
of Macedon. Zoilus, whose name occurs frequently on
Macedonian coins of this period struck at different mints,
was probably superintendent of the whole coinage of
the kingdom.

10. Macedonia, b.c. 158-146. JR. 06tJ. Head of Artemis, in the

centre of a Macedonian shield. Hev. MAKEAONON OPOTHZ.
Club. The whole in oak-wreath. Wt. 261*5 grs.

The right of coining silver was conferred by the Roman
senate on Macedonia, at that time divided into four
regions, in b.c 158. This is a coin of the first region.

11. Macedonia. M. Similar, but MAKEAONON only on reverse.

Wt. 257-8 grs.

*12. Macedonia. M. Similar, but in addition, LEG(atus), and a
hand holding an olive-branch. Wt. 258*7 grs.

The execution of these two coins, which were issued
after Macedonia was made a Roman province, in b.c 146,
is more careful than that of the preceding coins of the
regions.

*13. Thessaly. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus. £ev. OEZZAAON.
Thessalian Athena Itonis, in fighting attitude. Magistrates' names,
<l>IAOK, EniKPA. Wt. 96-7 grs.

The Thessalian Confederacy, formed under Roman
auspices after the battle of Cynoscephalae, in b.c 196,
lasted till b.c 146. One of the names on the coins is that
of the strategus of the league.

14. jEnianes. JR. Obv. Head of Pallas, star on helmet. Magis-

tiate's name, EXEMEN . . . Hev, AINIANON. Slinger,
fighting in retreat ; behind him, two spears. Wt. 37 grs.

15. iEnianeS. JR. 06r. Head of Pallas, helmet adorned with horses

as on Athenian tetradrachms. Mev. AINIANON. Slinger and
spears. Magistrate's name, OEPZ I PI flOZ. In field, palm. Wt.

1 13 grs.

These coins were probably struck^after the separation
of the i^nianes from the .^tolian League, in b.c. 168.

PERIOD VI. B. 97

16, 17. Epirus. jR» Obv. Head of Dodonisan Zeus ; two monograms.
Ren. AriEIPOTAN. Eagle, on thunderbolt; the whole in oak-
wreath. Wts. 78 grs. and 74 grs.

A oompariflon of these two coins, identical in type,
shows how rapidly art degenerated during the second
century B.C. No. 16 may be of the end of the third
century ; No. 17 is of the middle of the second.

18.- Cassope. M. Obv, Head of Zeus. Sev. KAZZOnAION.
Eagle, on thunderbolt ; the whole in oak-wreath. Wt. 72*8 grs.

19. Coroyra. M, Obv. Head of young Dionysus. Bev, Pegasus ;

beneath, two monograms. Wt. 77*5 grs.

Corcyra, which fell into the hands of the Romans b.c.
229, and was by them made a free state, may have begun
to coin money of this type soon after that date ; but the
style of this piece is certainly later than B.C. 200. Cf,
Maronea and Thasos, VI. B. 5 and 6,

20. Acamania. M. Obv. AKAPNANON: Head of Apollo. Bev.

Artemis, carrying torch. In field, anchor. Magistrate's name,
OYON. The whole in wreath. Wt. 113-5 grs.

This is one of the latest coins of the Acamanian
League ; the Seleucid anchor on the reverse may indicate
the year of its issue, b.c. 191, when the inland cities of
Acamania, under Clytus, the strategus of the league,
admitted Antiochus III. into the city of Medeon,

21. Leucas. JR, Obv. Statue of goddess, on base, holding aplustre ;
the whole in wreath. Bev. AEYKAAION YnEPBAAAON.
Prow of galley. Wt. 118-5 gi-s.

The goddess on these coins is identified by Prof. E.
Curtius with Aphrodite -^Sneias, who had a sanctuary
near the town of Leucas, overlooking the canal through
which vessels passed between the island and the mainland.
This is the coinage of Leucas as the chief city of Acar-
nania, b.c. 197-167.

22. Boeotia. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus. Bev. BOIOTON. Nike,
holding wreath and trident. In field, name of magistrate. Wt.
76-9 grs.

This is the last coinage of the Boeotian League, which
was dissolved by the Komans in b.c. 146.

H

98 PERIOD VI. B.

23. Athens. ^. Obv. Head of Pallas, wearing crested helmet,
adorned with griffin and foreparts of horses. Hev. AGE —
ANTIOXOZ-KAPAIXOZ-ENN-. Owl on amphora. In
tield, right, elephant; on amphora, I (10th prytany); heneath,
Z<t>. (mint-mark). The whole in olive-wreath. Wt. 256*9 grs.

The first magistrate on this coin was afterwards Anti-
ochus IV. of Syria. In the year B.C. 176 he was in
Athens. The symbol, an elephant, clearly refers to him,
and not, as is usually the case, to the second magistrate.

24. Athens. Similar types. KOINTOZ- KAEAZ-AIONYZCIOZ].
Symbol, Nike, crowning seated figure. On amphora, F (3rd
prytany); beneath, A I (mint-mark). Wt. 247 grs.

The first magistrate on this coin is supposed by some
to be Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Macedonia
B.C. 146.

25-27. Achaean League. M. (25) Elis. Wt. 36-5 grs.
(26) Messene. Wt. 37 grs. (27) Lacedeemon. wt.

38-1 grs.

As none of these towns were members of the league
before e.g. 192, these coins are all subsequent to that date.
For early coins of the league, see V. B. 23-25.

28. Crete. Cnossus. JR. Ohv. Head of Minos, with royal diadem.

Hev. KNOZION. Square labyrinth. Wt. 257*5 grs.

29. Cnossus. JR, Obv. Head of Apollo. Magistrate, HOAXOZ.

Bev. KNOZION. Circular labyrinth. Wt. 227 grs.

30. Cnossus. JR, Obv. Head of Pallas, as on Athenian tetradrachms.

Bev. KNOZION. Owl on amphora. In field, labyrinth. The
whole in olive-wreath. Wt. 254*3 grs.

Certain Cretan cities, for commercial reasons, adopted
for their coinage Athenian types during the second cen-
tury B.C., at the time when the Athenians supplied the
currency for the great central market at Delos, which had
the monopoly of the whole of the trade with the East.

31. 32. Gortyna. JR. (31) Obo. Head of Minos, diademed. Bev.

rOPTYNION. Pallas Nikephoros, standing; at her feet, ser-
pent. Magistrate, ©IBOZ. The whole in olive-wreath. Wt.
235*2 grs. (32") rOPTYNION. Coin of Attic types. Infield,
butting bull. Wt. 249 grs.

33. Hierapytna. ^. Obv. Head of city, turreted. Bev. I EPA
riYTNION. Palm-tree, at foot of which eagle. Names of
several magistrates. Wt. 230 grs.

PERIOD VI. B. 99

34. PrianBUS. JR. Coin of Attic types. Bev. nPIANZI —
riYPriAZ — KA : Symbol in field, palm-tree. Wt. 235-1 gw.

All the above Cretan coins appear to belong to tbe
earlier portion of the period to whicli they are here
assigned.

36. ParoS. -^. Obv. Head of Dionysus, bound with ivy. JRev.
n A PI ON. Demeter, seated on basket, holding ears of com and
sceptre. In field, APIZTOAH M . Wt. 240 grs.

36. Pares. M. Obv. Head of Demeter, veiled.. Bev. flAPI. Ivy-
wreath with blossoms. Wt. 116 grs.

A comparison of No. 35 with VI. B. 6 and 19 shows it
to be of the second century b.c. No. 36 might be some-
what earlier, while Paros formed part of the dominions of
the Ptolemies.

h2

; OXFORD

100 PERIOD VI. C.

VI. c.

1. Gaulish. U, Ohv. Head of Apollo. Rev. <|)IAinnOY. Char-
ioteer, in biga. Wt. 132 grs.

A barbarous but intelligent imitation of a gold stater
of Philip of Macedon. Cf. III. B. 17.

*2, Massilia. M, Obv. Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder bow and
quiver, in front monogram. Rev, MAZZA. Lion. In exergue,
magistrate's name. Wt. 42 grs.

3. Borne. Si, Obv. Head of Roma, wearing winged helmet ; behind, X

(10 asses). Rev. ROMA. Diana, in biga ; beneath, lobster. Wt.
60 grs.

4. Home. JR. 06r. Similar. 22^. ROMA. The Dioscuri ; beneath,

L.COIL(ius). Wt. eigrs.

These two coins were probably struck before circa b.c.
173. A certain L. Coelius is mentioned by Livy as
living in B.C. 179.

5. Rome. JR. Obv. Similar. Rev. ROMA. Victory, in biga;

beneath, S. AFRA(nius). Wt. 58*3 grs.

6. Home. JR. Same types. ROMA and C .TALN A in monogram.

Wt. 57-8 grs.

7. Eome. JR. Obv. Head of Rpma; in front, X; behind, C. AN-

TE ST I (us). Rev. ROMA. Dioscuri ; beneath, dog. Wt. 64 grs.

This may be C. Antistius Labeo, who was sent into
Macedon with other senators in B.C. 167.

8. Eome. JR. 06v. Head of Roma ; behind, X. Rev. ROM f<. Juno

Caprotina, in biga drawn by goats; beneath, C.RENI(u8). Wt.
60-8 grs.

9. Rome. JR. Obv. Similar. Rev. ROMA. Diana, in biga drawn

by stags ; beneath, crescent. Wt. 63*5 grs.

10. Rome. JR. Obv. Same head; in front, COT A. Rev. ROMA.

Hercules, in biga, drawn by Centaurs ; beneath, M . AVRELI(us).
Wt. 57-4 grs.

A Marcus Aurelius Cotta is mentioned as a lieutenant
of Scipio Asiaticus, B.C. 190-189. This coin is, however,
certainly later in date, and was perhaps struck by his
son or grandson, circa b.c. 150-125.

PEMOD VI. C. 101

11. Borne. M. 06t?. Similar; the whole within a myrtle-wreath. Mev,

ROMA. Warrior carrying off a captive woman, in a quadriga;
oeneath, ON . GEL(ius). Wt. 58*5 gra.

This CnaBus Gellius may have been the historian who
wrote in the first half of the seventh century of the City.

12. Borne. JR. Obv. Head of Roma; behind, mark of ralae, XVI ;

in front, RV8(ticas). Bee. ROMA. Jupiter, in quadriga; be-
neath, M . AVF(idiu8). Wt. 59-4 grs.

The mark of value XVI occurs only on a small number
of denarii struck between circa b.c. 150 and 125, and again
during the Social War. It has not been explained.

13. Bome. ^. Obo. Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, yase.

Bev. ROM A . SEX . PO(mpeius) FOSTVLV8. Wolf and twins.
Shepherd Faustulus and fig-tree, with birds in the branches. Wt.
60 grs.

This Sextus Pompeius was probably an ancestor of the
triumvir.

14. Bome. JR, Ofw. ROMA. Head of Roma; in front, X. Hev,

C . AVG(urinus). Column, surmounted by statue. To the
capital of the column are attached two bells ; at its base are two
lions' heads, and ears of corn. On one side stands a man holding
a loaf and patera, on the other an augur with his lituus. Wt.
60-5 grs.

This type represents the monuments erected before the
Porta Trigemina, B.C. 439, to L. Minucius, to commemo-
rate his successful attempt to reduce the price of com.

The above coins, Nos. 8-14, may be attributed to the
period between B.C. 150 and 125.

15. Bome. JR. Obv. Head of Roma; in front, X. Hev. ROMA.

Jupiter, in quadriga. Moneyer, L . ANTES(tius) QRAQ(ulus).
Wt. 59-7 grs.

16. Bome. M. Obv. Similar. Itev, ROMA. Sol, in quadriga.

Moneyer, M . ABVRI(us) QEM(inus). Wt. 60-7 grs.

Livy mentions a M. Aburius as tribune in B.C. 187 and
praetor in 176. This man was probably an ancestor of
M. Aburius Geminus, who struck this coin.

17. Bome. JR. (96©. Similar; behind, X. i2^. ROMA. Same type

as No. 14. Moneyer, TI.MINVCI.C.F.AVGVRINI. Wt.
60-6 grs.

This Minucius is doubtless a son of the moneyer of
No. 14.

102 PERIOD VI. C.

18. Borne. JR, Qf^^ Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, ear of

corn. £ev. ROMA. Victory, in biga ; beneath, a man contending
with a lion. Moneyer, CN . DOM(itiufl). Wt. 61-5 grs.

Probably struck by Cn. Domitius Ahenoborbtis, consul
in B.C. 122.

19. Kome. JR. Obv. Head of Roma ; behind, X, and balloting nrn.

Bev. ROMA. Libertas, in quadriga. Moneyer, C . CASSI(us).
Wt. 60-2 grs.

Struck by C. Cassius Longinus, consul in b.o. 96, the
son of L. Cassius Longinus, the author of the Lex Cassia,
for voting by ballot, B.C. 137.

20. Kome. JR. Olw. Head of Roma; behind, X. Eev. ROMA

Female figure, in quadriga ; beneath, elephant's head. Wt. 59 grs.

The elephant's head was, doubtless, at the time, a suffi-
cient indication of the moneyer by whom these denarii
were issued.

21. Kome. JR. Obv, Head of Roma; in front, X. JRev, ROMA.

Jupiter, in quadriga. Moneyer, Q . M ETE(llu8). Wt. 60*9 grs.

This coin may have been struck by Q. Csecilius
Metellus Nepos, who was consul b.c. 99.

22. Rome. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo; behind, 0. EQNATVLEI(us)

0. F. Bev, ROMA. Victory, inscribing shield fixed on trophy.
Mark of value on each side, Q (quinarius). Wt. 28*5 grs.

The issue of the quinarius bearing the type of the old
victoriatus was ordered by the Lex Clodia, circa B.C. 104.
Cf. also No. 24.

23. Rome. JR. Obv. ROMA. Head of Roma; behind, wreath.

Bev. Victory, in biga. Moneyer, T.CLOVLI(us). Symbol, ear
of corn. Wt..61 grs.

24. Rome. JR. Obv. Head of Jupiter. Bev. T.CLOVLI(us).

Victory, crowning trophy, at foot of which captive. In exergue^
Q, for quinarius. On obv. F, moneyer's mark. Wt. 26-5 grs.

This moneyer belonged to the ancient patrician family
of the Cluilii.

25. Rome. JR. Obv. Head of Roma; behind, X. Bev. ROMA.

Hercules, with club and trophy, in quadriga. Moneyer,
M.ACILIV8.M.F. Wt. 54-3 grs.

The above coins, Nos. 15-25, were all struck at Rome
between about B.C. 125 and 100.

PERIOD VI. C. 103

26. Italy. JR. Obv. Head of Roma; behind, X. Eev, ROMA.

Jupiter, in quadriga. Moneyer, CARB(o). Wt. 61-3 grs.

The fabric of this coin is not that of the Boman mint.
It was probably struck at some other town between about
B.C. 150 and 125, by the father of C. Carbo and Cn. Carbo,
consuls respectively in B.C. 120 and 113.

27. Italy. M. Obv. ROMA. Head of Roma. Rev, Victory,

in biga. Moneyers, M . CALID(ius), ©.METELHus), and
CN.FOLV(ius). Wt. 62-2 grs.

Not of Roman fabric. Probably struck between b.c.
124 and 103.

28. Italy. JR. Ofm. ROMA. Head of Roma. Bev, The sun, in

quadriga. In field, X. Crescent-moon and two stars. Moneyer,
A.MAN Ll(us) Q . F . SER(enus ?). Wt. 62 grs.

Not of Roman fabric.

29. Africa. Libya. M. Obv, Head of young Herakles, in lion's

skin. £ev, AIBYON. Lion; above which, Punic letter, mem.
Wt. 117 grs.

^ This coin was probably struck by the MacsB, a Libyan
people, during the second century B.C.

30. Numidia. Micipsa, b.c. 148-118. M, Obv, Young male

head. Bev, Horse and palm-tree. Wt. 109 grs.

*31, 32. Numidia. Jugurtha, b.c. 118-106. JR. Obo, Head

of Jugurtha (?), bound with diadem, twined round laurel- wreath.
Bev, Sephant. In exergue, letter aleph, Wts. 108 grs. and 52 grs.

33. Carthage. £L. Obv, Head of Persephone. Bev, Horse ; above

which, Egyptian symbol, a disc flanked by two serpents. Wt.
162 grs.

This symbol would lead us to suppose that the worship
of Baal was assimilated to that of the Osiris cycle.

34. Carthage. EL. Obv, Similar. Bev, Horse. Wt. 113 grs.

*35. Carthage. JR» Obv, Similar. Bev, Pegasus, and Punic inscrip-
tion nVIKn (Byrsa ?). Wt. 563-1 grs. (decadrachm).

This coin is decidedly later in style than V. C. 40.

36. Carthage. JR. Obv. Similar. Bev. Horse; above which, the
sun as a star of eight rays. Wt. 227-5 grs.

104 PERIOD VI. C.

37. Carthage. JR. Obv. Similar, itep. Horse, looking back. Wt.

107-3 grs.

38. Carthage. JR, Obv, Head of Persephone. JRev. Prancing horse ;

above, sun with eight rays. Wt. 113*9 grs.

39. Carthage. ^. Obv. Similar. Hev. Horse, standing before

palm-tree. Wt. 57*8 grs.

These coins of Carthage, Nos. 33-39, belong to the last
period of her history, from the time when Hannibal was
compelled to fly to Antiochus III., B.C. 196, down to the
conquest and destruction of the city by the Bomans, in
B.C. 146.

PERIOD Vil. 105

PEEIOD VII.— B.C. 100-1.

On the money of this century we may trace the rapid
extension of the Eoman power in every direction. In
Egypt the series of the Ptolemies ends with the coins of
the famous Cleopatra. The best portrait of this queen is,
however, to be found on a coin of Ascalon. The Syrian
series comes to an end in B.C. 69, when the Armenian
Tigranes was deprived of his Syrian dominions by Lucul-
lus. In the far East, the Bactrian and Parthian coinages
continued, losing, however, little by little, their original
Greek character. Throughout Asia Minor, after the defeat
of Mithradates, the Eomans became practically supreme.
The coinage of the cistophori was long permitted by them,
but finally, towards the close of the century, none but
Boman coins in gold and silver are to be found. The
right of striking copper money was, however, very gene-
rally conceded bv Kome to the local municipalities.

In European Greece, the Athenians, who had joined the
party of Mithradates, in b.c. 88, were, probably on the
capture of the city by Sulla, in 86, deprived of the right
of coining. Thus the long series of the tetradrachms of
Athens comes at last to an end. The Eomans had, about
B.C. 88, attempted to supplant it by the issue, in the
province of Macedonia, of large masses of tetradrachms
bearing the names of Quaestors of the province ; but this
coinage does not appear to have been of long duration.
In the north the mints of Maronea and Thasos were active
throughout the first half of the century. Byzantium and
the Thracian communities in that district also continued,
probably down to the close of the century, to issue imita-
tions, more and more rude in style, of the money of
Alexander and Lysimachus. During the civil wars, after
Pompeius and the Senate had crossed over into Greece,
B.C. 49, both they and the Cadsarians issued money in
Greece and Asia Minor, and soon after this none but
Boman coins in gold or silver occur in Greece.

In Italy, the revolt of the confederate Italian peoples

106 PERIOD vn.

against Eome, b.c. 90-89, gave rise to the issue of money
at their capital Corfinium, the name of which they changed
to Italia. In Spain, too, Sertorius, B.C. 80-73, instituted a
national coinage at his capital, Osca (Huesca), the legends
on which are in the Celtiberian character. In Gaul and
Britain gold money was plentifully coined until each of
these countries was in turn subdued by Kome.

The only other non-Boman coins were those of the
African kingdoms, Numidia and Mauretania.

The coinage at Kome itself, and of Boman generals
during their various campaigns, calls for few remarks;
its chief value is historical and chronological.

In point of style the coins of the whole of this century
exhibit a marked decline. Those struck in Asia maintain
their superiority, and are not without some artistic merit,
especially in portraiture, those of Mithradates the Great,
of Cleopatra, and of Marcus Antonius, being among the
most remarkable.

PERIOD VII. A. 107

VII. A.

*1. Pontus. Mithradates VI. (the Great) Eupator (Diony-
sus), B.C. 12 l-6a. Kf. 06». Headofking. iZw. BAZIAEOZ
MI0PAAATOY EYHATOPOZ. Stag, feeding. In front, sun
and crescent moon. The whole in ivy-wreath. Wt. 131 grs.

This beautiful gold stater bears the mint-mark of the
city of Pergamus, which, with all Asia Minor as far as
the Mseander, fell into the hands of Mithradates in B.C.
88. He remained master of the former residence of the
Eoman governor for more than two years. The ivy-
wreath may allude to the title of the " new Dionysus,"
by which the cities of Asia hailed Mithradates. as their
deliverer from the tyranny of the Eoman rule.

*2. Pontus. Mithradates VI. M, Similar to preceding, but
bearing date 222 of the Pontic era = B.C. 75. Wt. 259*2 grs.

The head on the coins of Mithradates is supposed by
Visconti to be copied from a silver statue mentioned by
Pliny (1. 33, xii. 54). The movement of the hair, blown
back by the wind, seems to indicate that the original
may have been either an equestrian statue or that of a
charioteer.

3. Bithynia. Nicomedes III., b.c. 91-74. JR. Obt. Head of

king. i2^. BAZIAEOZ Eni<l>ANOYZ NIKOMHAOY. Zeus,
holding wreath and sceptre. In field, eagle on thunderbolt, and
date 214 of the Bithynian and Pontic era, which commenced in
B.C. 297. Wt. 247-6 grs.

This coin was therefore struck in B.C. 84.

4. EpheSUS. M, Cistophorus. Otw. Cista mystica and serpent,

in ivy-wreath. i2eo. T. AMPI .T. F. PRO .COS. Two serpents,
on either side of tripod, above which, Apollo. In field, torch, and
E<t>E EPMIAZ KAIYZTP and OZ = year 77 of the province
of Asia = B.C. 57-56. Wt. 192 grs.

The name of the Boman proconsul of Asia begins to
appear in Latin on the cistophori about b.c. 61-68, when
Q. Tullius Cicero held that office.

5. Pergamus. JR. Cistophorus. Similar ; but between serpents,

a legionary aquila. Q. METELLV8 . PIV8 . 8CIPIO IMPER,
and monogram of Pergamus. Wt. 187 grs.

In B.C. 48, the year of the battle of Pharsalus, the
province of Asia was without a regular governor, but

108 PERIOD VII. A.

Q. CadciliuB Metellus ruled it as imperator. The names
of the Greek municipal magistrates finally disappear from
the coinage under his rule.

6. Cibyra. JR. Obv. Helmeted male head. Hev, KIBYPATON.

Armed horseman, with couched spear, galloping. Magistrate's
name, and bee. Wt. 188 grs.

Cibyra was the chief of a confederacy of four cities
governed by a tyrant. The last of these tyrants, Moa-
getes, was put down by Murena, in B.C. 84, and Cibyra
was then attached to Phrygia. The weight of this coin is
that of the cistophorus, but the question whether it is
previous or subsequent to B.C. 84, is difficult to decide.

7. Galatia, &c. Amyntas, B.C. 39-25. M, Obv. Head of

Pallas. Hev. BAZIAEOZ AMYNTOY. Nike, holding sceptre.
Wt. 247-7 grs.

Amyntas was one of the tributary Asiatic kings set up
by M. Antonius. His money follows the standard (Attic)
and types of that of Side in Pamphylia, and was struck
there probably after B.C. 31, when Augustus confirmed
him in his possession of Pamphylia, &c. The gold coins
of this king are modem forgeries.

8-12. Syria. (8) Antiochus VIII. Epiphanes (Grypus),

B.C. 125-96. Hev. Pallas, standing, holding Nike. Wt. 243 grs.

(9) Antiochus IX. Philopator, B.C. 116-95. liev.
Similar. Wt. 254*8 grs. (10) Seleucus VI. Epiphanes

Nicator, B.C. 96-95. Eev. Similar. Wt. 241-1 grs. (H)
Antiochus XI. Epiphanes, B.C. 92. Eev, Zeus Nikephoros,

seated. Wt. 245 grs. (12) Philippus Epiphanes Phila-

delphus, B.C. 92-83. Bev, Similar. Wt. 246-9 grs.

13. Armenia and Syria. Tigranes, b.c. 83-69. M, Obv,

Bust of king, wearing tiara, ifet?. BAZIAEOZ TITPANOY.
City of Antioch, seated on rock ; the riyer Orontes swhnming at
her feet. Wt. 253-9 grs.

Tigranes was deprived of his Syrian dominions by
Lucullus, in B.C. 69.

14. Antioch (?). Cleopatra VI. and Antonius. M. Obv.

BAZIAIZZA KAEOnATPA 0EA NEOTEPA. Bust of
Cleopatra, diademed. Eev. ANTONIOC AYTOKPATOP
TPITON TPION ANAPON. "Antonius Imperator for the
third time, triumvir." Portrait of M. Antonius. Wt. 221 grs.

This is the celebrated Cleopatra ; she reigned B.C. 62-30.

PERIOD VII. A. 109

15. Sidon, M. Obv, Head of city, veiled and turreted. Mev.

ZlAONinN THZ lEPAZ KAf AZYAOY. Eagle, on rudder.
Wt. 211 grs.

Date, year 81 of the third era of Sidon, which oom-
menced b.c. 111. This coin was therefore struck b.c. 31.
The right of asylum was possessed by many Asiatic
cities. The titles IE PA and AZYAON first occur on the
coins of Sidon under Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII
B.C. 121.

16. Tyre. Similar to VI. A. 29, but dated 116= b.c. 10. Wt. 216 grs.

17. Aradus. Similar to VI. A. 30, but dated 199=b.c. 60. Wt

228 grs.

18. Ascalon. M. Obv. Head of Ptolemy Auletes, B.c. 81-52. Bev

AZKAAQNITQN lEPAZ AZYAOY. Eagle with palm, on
thunderbolt. Date, year 41=B.c. 64. Wt. 194-1 grs.

* 19. Ascalon. M. 06c. Head of Cleopatra, diademed. i2w. Similar.
Date, year 65= B.O. 60. Wt. 201*2 grs.

These two interesting coins are dated according to the
era of Ascalon. The head on No. 18 is that of Ptolemy
Auletes, b.c. 81-62; that on No. 19, of his daughter
Cleopatra, b.c. 62-30, who was in b.c. 60 nineteen years
of age.

20. Bactria. ApoUodotus. ' M. Obv. BAZIAEOZ MEfAAOY

ZOTHPOZ KAI <|)IAOnATOPOZ AnOAAOAOTOY.
Bust of king. Bev. Arian legend, Maharajasa tradatasa Apah-
datasa. Pallas Promachos. Wt. 128*6 grs.

This king may have been a son of the ApoUodotus who
was contemporary with the last years of Eucratides, as
his coins are later in style.

21. HermBBUS. M. Obv. BAZIAEQZ ZQTHPOZ EPMAIOY.

Bust of king. Hev. Arian legend, Mdhdrajasa tradatasa Hera-
mayasa. Zeus, seated. Wt. 140*6 grs.

HermsBus was the last of the Greek kings of the north-
western district of India.

22-26. Parthia. (22) Arsaces X. (Phraates III.), B.a. 69 to

circa 60. Ohv. Head facing. Rev. King with bow. Wt. 62 grs.

(23) Arsaces XII. (Orodes I.), B.c. 66-37. Obv. Head

of King. Rev. King with bow. Wt. 61 grs. (24) Tiri-
dates II., B.C. 33-32. Obv. Head of King. Rev. King seated,

110 PERIOD VII. A*

holding Nike. Wt. 231 grs. (25^ Phraataces I. and Musa his
mother, B.C. 2-a.d. 4. Obv, Head of Phraataces I. Bev. Head of
Musa. Wt. 59 grs.

Thea Musa was an Italian slave, whom FLraates IV. had
married.

26. Egypt. Ptolemy IX. (Alexander I.), B.C. 114-88.

Wt. 215 grs.

27. Egypt. Ptolemy XI. (Auletes), b.c. 81-52. wt.

216-6 grs.

Compare the head on this coin, a debased portrait of
Ptolemy Soter, with the genuine portrait of Auletes, on
the coin of Ascalon, No. 18.

28. L. Manlius Torquatus, proquaestor of Sulla. Af. Obv.

L.MANLI PRO.Q. Head of Roma. Bev. L.SVLLA.IMP.
Sulla (?), in triumphal car, crowned by Victory. Wt. 167*2 grs.

This coin appears, from its fabric, to have been struck
in Asia, circa B.C. 81.

29. M. Junius Brutus. A^. Obv. BRVTVS IMP. Head of

Brutus ; the whole in laurel-wreath. Hev. CA.SCA L0NQV8.
Trophy between prows of two ships. Wt. 123 grs.

Servilius Casca, one of the assassins of Ceesar, was a
lieutenant of Brutus in Asia Minor, circa B.C. 43-42.

30. Q. Labienus. M. 06r. Q . LABIENV8 PARTHICV8 IMP.

Head of Labienus. Hev. Cavalry horse^ saddled and bridled. Wt.
58 grs.

This Labienus, the son of Caesar's general, allied him-
self with the Parthians, B.C. 40, and led them against his
countrymen into Syria. He adopted the title Parthious,
and struck money on the occasion of this expedition.

*31. M. Antonius. M. Obv. M.ANTONIV8.IMP.COS.
DE8IG.ITER.ET TERT. Head of Antonius, bound with
ivy; the whole in ivy-wreath. Bev. Ill . VIR R . P. C . M. Anto-
nius imperator consul designatus iterum et tertio, triumvir reipub-
liccB constituendcB. Head of Octavia, wife of Antonius, and cista,
between pair of serpents. Wt. 190 grs.

This and the three following coins were struck in the
province of Asia, on the standard of the cistophori, the
types of which are still retained on No. 31, and as an
adjunct symbol on No. 32.

32. Octavianus. M. Obv. IMP.CAE8AR.DIVI .F.C08.
VI . LIBERT ATI8 P. R . VINDEX. Head of Octavianus, lau-

PERIOD Vn. A. Ill

reate. JRev. PAX. Peace, holding caducens, and trampling on
torch of war ; behind her, cista and serpent ; the whole in laurel-
wreath. Wt. 179 grs.

Struck in B.C. 28, the year before OctavianxiB took the
title of Augustus.

33. Augustus. M. Obv. IMP CAESAR. Head of Augustus.

Bev. AVGV8TVS. Sphinx. Wt. 188 grs.

The figure of a Sphinx was used as a signet by Au-
gustus during the early part of his reign.

34. Augustus. M. Obv. IMP. IX.TR.PO.V. Head of

Augustus. Bev. COM . ASIAE. Hezastyle temple, on frieze
of which, ROM . ET . AVGVST. Wt. 184 grs.

This is the temple of Boma and Augustus at Pergamus,
the capital of the Province of Asia (Commune Asiee).
The date of the coin is B.C. 19.

35. Augustus. M. Obv. AVGVSTVS. Head of Augustus. Eev.

ARMENIA RECEPTA. Armenian tiara; bow in case, and
quiver. Wt. 58 grs.

Struck to commemorate the resumption of Armenia
under the protection of Augustus, after the murder of
Artaxias by his own subjects, circa B.C. 19.

112 PERIOD VII. B.

vn. B.

I. Thrace. Coson. B.C. 42. A/". Obv, KOZON. Brutus

(Consul, B.C. 509), between two lictors. In field, monogram of
Brutus. Bev. Eagle, holding wreath and sceptre. Wt. 130 grs.

Shortly before the battle of Philippi, B.C. 42, BmtuB
granted to Coson, prince of Thrace, the right of coining
gold. It is worthy of note that the standard in use in
Thrace is still that of the coins of Philip and Alexander.

2-4. Thrace. M. Barbarous copies of tetradrachms of
Alexander (wt. 250 grs.) and Lysimachus (wt. 250 grs.),
bearing mint-marks of Odessus and Byzantium.
No. 4, Lysimachns (wt. 224 grs.), has the countermark,
CL . CAE8, which shows the coin to have been still
in circulation in the time of the emperor Claudius.

5, *6. Maronea and Thasos. Similar to VI. B. 5 and 6, but
more barbarous. That Maronea and Thasos con-
tinued to coin silver during the earlier half of the
first century is proved by the fact that one of the
Thasian pieces bears the signature of Bruttius Sura,
who was legate of Sentius Satuminus, proconsul of

Macedonia, B.C. 88. Wts. 242-6 grs. and 262-1 grs.

7-10. Macedonia. M. Obv. MAKEAONON. Head of Alex-
ander the Great, with flowing hair and Ammon*s horn ; behind, ©.
Bev. of 7, 8 and 9, AESILLA8 QCusestor), and of 10,
SVVRA LEG(atus) PRO O(u«store). Club, downwards, be-
tween money-chest (fisctts) and subselUum ; the whole within an

olive-wreath. Nos. 7 (wt. 243*8 grs.), *8 (wt. 254 grs.), and

10 (wt. 248 grs.) are tetradrachms; No. 9, a drachm

(wt. 57-5 grs.).

As the date of Sura, b.c. 88, is known, it is probable
that this issue of silver coins from the mint at Thessa-
lonica was intended by the Eomans to supersede that of
the Athenian tetradrachms, when that city deserted the
side of the Bomans for that of the Mithradates (see
VII. B. 14).

II, 12. niyricum. ApoUonia. Dyrrhachium. M, Apol-

lonia. Obv. Cow, suckling calf; above, APIZTHN, magis-
trate ; symbols, crescent with star, and caduceus. Sev. AflOA ^
APIZTONOZ. So-called gardens of Alcinoiis. Wt. 52 grs.

^12) Dyrrhachium. AYP. Same types. Magistrates,
APIZTON and AAMHNOZ. Symbols on dtv, ear of com and
bnnch of grapes. Wt. 54 grs.

PERIOD VII. B. 113

13. Apollonia. M. O&p. Head of Apollo. Magistrate, AQPIQNOZ.

Jiev. AflOA. Three nymphs, dancing round fire ; beneath, magis-
trate's name, OINIAZ. Wt. 59*8 grs.

These coins of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia belong to
the flourishing period of the latter city, during the last
century before the Christian era. The fire on the reverse
is that of the NymphsBum, sacred to Pan and the Nymphs.

14. Athens. M. Usual types. -R«?. BAZIAE-MI0PAAATHZ

— APIZTION. Symbol, star between two crescents. Wt. 260 grs.

15. Athens. JR. Similar. Hev. AHEAAIKON - rOPriAZ

- APrEIOZ. Symbol, griffin. Wt. 253 grs.

The first of the above tetradrachms bears the names of
King Mithradates of Pontus, and the Athenian ambassador
at his court, Aristion. This coin was issued in B.C. 88,
when Athens joined Mithradates against Kome. Apel-
licon, on No. 15, was the accomplice of Aristion, who
made himself tyrant at Athens B.C. 87. The coins which
bear his name were struck in b.c. 86.

16. Roman. M. Denarius. Obv, L. LENT. C. MARC. COS.

Head of young Jupiter. Bev. Q. Jupiter, naked, before altar ;
he holds eagle and thunderbolt. In field, star. Wt. 59 grs.

When Pompeius, with the Senate and magistrates, left
Italy for Greece, in b.c. 49, the two consuls L. Lentulus
and C. Marcellus struck money at Apollonia.

17. 18. Eoman. M, Denarii. Obv. Head of Venus. Bev.

CAESAR. (17) Trophy and captives. Wt. 62 grs. (18)
Mneas carrying Anchises on his shoulder, and the palladium in his
right hand. Wt. 60 grs.

These coins were probably struck by Julius CsBsar in
Greece, for the payment of his troops who fought at
Fharsalia, b.c. 48.

19. Boman. M. Denarius. Obv. L.8E8TI.PRO.Q. Veiled
head of Liberty. Hev. Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS. PROCOS.
Tripod, axe, and simpulum. Wt. 60 grs.

L. Sestius, proqueestor of Brutus, served under him in
Macedonia. This coin was probably struck b.c. 43-42.

*20. Boman. Af. Aureus. Obv, AHENOBAR. Head of Domitius
Ahenobarbus. iZet?. CN . DOM ITI V8 . L . F . I M P (Ctubus Domitius
Lucii filius Imperator). Temple; above which, hiEPT (^Neptuno)
Wt. 126 grs.

This coin was struck b.c 42-41 in Illyria, by CnsBUS

I

114 PERIOD VII. B.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was saluted iraperator in
B.C. 42, in consequence of his great naval victory over
Domitius Calvinus off Brundusium.

21. Eoman. JR, Denarius. Obv. M . ANT. IMP. AVQ. Ill

VI R R . P. C . M . BAR BAT . Q . P. (Marcus Antonius Imperator
Augur Triumvir Reipublicce constituendcB. Marcus Barhatius Qucestor
Provincialis.) Head of M. Antonius. £ev. CAESAR. IMP.
PONT . I II VI R . R . P. C . (Ccesar Imperator Fontifex Triumvir
Reipuhlicoi constituendce). Head of Octavianus. Wt. 69 grs.

This coin was struck in b.c. 41, by M. Barbatius Philip-
pus, provincial quaestor of M. Antonius.

22. Eoman. U. Aureus. Obv. Same head and inscription as

No. 21, but with M . N ERVA . PROQ . P. (Marcus Nerva Pro-
qucEstor Provincialis). Rev. L.ANTON I VS COS. Head of
Lucius Antonius. Wt. 125 gn.

M. Cocceius Nerva, who struck this coin, was pro-
qusestor of M. Antonius during his war with Octavianus,
B.C. 41.

23. Eoman. N, Aureus. Oiw. ANT.IMP.III VIR.R.P.C.

Head of M. Antonius; behind, lituus. Rev. ON. DO MIT.
AHENOBARBVS IMP. Prow ; above which, star. Wt. 125gr8.

Struck by Ahenobarbus, after he became reconciled to
Antonius, in b.c. 40.

24. Eoman. AT. Aureus. Obv. ANTON .AVQ. IMP. Ill .

C08.DES.III.III V.R.P.C. Head of M. Antonius. Rev,
M . ANTON I VS . M . F . F. (^M. Antonius, Marci filius, filius).
Wt. 124 grs. Head of young Antonius.

The titles of M. Antonius on this coin {Imperator tertio^
Consul designatua tertio) prove it to have been struck in
B.C. 34. His son, M. Antonius the younger, was at this
time a mere boy.

25. Eoman. N. Aureus. Obv. ANT. AVQ . Ill VIR . R . P. C .

Galley. Rev. CHORTIVM . PRAETORIARVM. Aquila between
two legionary standards. Wt. 125 grs.

This coin, with the other legionary pieces of Antonius,
was struck between b.c 39 and 31.

*26. Eoman. A/". Aureus. 06». CAESAR. Head of Augustus.
Rev, AVQVSTV8. Bull. Wt. 123 grs.

This coin may have been struck in B.C. 27.
Some of the coins here assigned to Greece may have
been struck in Asia.

PERIOD VII. C. 115

VII. c.

*1. Hispania. Celtiberian. M, Obv. Bearded head; behind,
HN, in Celtiberian characters. Bev. HL8CN, in Celtiberian
characters. Horseman, galloping. Wt. 57 '5 grs.

The reverse inscription of this coin may be read
HiLeoSCaN, a vsrord vsrhich means "City of Osca." It
belongs to the period when Sertorius made Osca (Huesca)
his capital, B.C. 80-73.

2. Gallia. Massilia. M. 06». Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder,

bow and quiver. Eev, MAZZAAIHTON. Lion. In field,
monogram. Wt. 42-5 grs.

Massilia lost the right of coining her own money when
the city surrendered to Caesar, in B.C. 49.

3. Gaulish. EL. Obv. Beardless male head. Bev. ABVD(os).

Galloping horse; above which, fiying eagle; and beneath, three
circles. V^t. 105 grs.

This coin is attributed to the Bituriges, south of the
Loire ; Abudos is the name of a chief.

*4. Gaulish. A/". Obv. Laureate head. Bev, Charioteer, driving a
human-headed horse ; beneath which, a prostrate genius, holding
an uncertain object. Wt. 103 grs.

Attributed to the Aulerci Diablintes (Jublains).

6. British or Gaulish. A/". Obv. Beardless, laureate bust, with
projecting face. Bev, Horse; above which, Victory. Various
ornaments scattered about the field. Wt. 118*5 grs.

Coins of this class are found on the south-eastern coast
of England and on the opposite coasts of France.

Nbs. 3-6 are anterior to the time of Caesar; they are
all reminiscences of the gold staters of Philip of Macedon.
Cf. VI. C. I.

6. British. Af, Obv, TINC(ommiu8), in an oblong incuse. £ev,

C(ommii) F(ilius). Armed horseman ; above, star. Wt. 82 grs.

7. British. Af. Obv. VERI(ca). Leaf. Beo. CO(mmii) F(ilius).

Armed horseman. Wt. 82 grs.

Tincommius and Verica, sons of Commius, king of the
Atrebates, were probably contemporary rulers in Hamp-
shire and Sussex.

8. British. AF. Obv. Cruciform ornament, formed of wreath, with

crescent and ring ornament in the centre. JRev. TASCIOVAN.
Horse, galloping; above which, a ring and pellets; beneath,
another ring ornament. Wt. 85 grs.

The name of Tasciovanus is not mentioned in history.

I 2

116 PERIOD VII. C.

On numismatic evidence he may be supposed to have
reigned from about B.C. 30 to a.d. 6.

*9. British. A/". Obv. CAMV(lodanum). Ear of corn. Bev,
CVNO(belinus). Horse, prancing. V^t. 82*5 grs.

Cunobelinus, the son of Tasciovanus, reigned over the
Trinobantes, with Camulodunum (Colchester) for his
capital, from B.C. 5 to circa a.d. 43. He is the Cymbeline
of Shakespeare.

10. Home, j^, Obv. Head of Saturn, with sickle at shoulder. Eev.

Two quaestors, seated. In field, ears of corn. Moneyers, PI 80
CAEPIO Q(uajstores) AD FRV(mentum) EMV(ndum) EX
S(enatus) C(onsulto). Wt. 61-2 grs.

The head of Saturn alludes to the cerarium Satumi of
the quaestors. These coins vsrere issued in b.c. 100, when
the senate granted to the urban quaestors extraordinary
funds for the purchase of com.

1 1 . Rome. -51. Obv. Head of Roma ; in front, X ; behind, tripod.

Jiev. ROMA. Apollo, with bow and arrow, in biga. Moneyer,
M . OP El M l(us). Wt. 62-2 grs.

B.C. 99-94.

12. Italy. Social War. M. Obv. ITALIA. Head of Italia;

behind, wreath. Mev. . PAPl(us) C . (filius), in Oscan characters.
The Dioscuri. Wt. 61 grs.

The name on this and the following coins (Nos. 12-15)
is that of C. Papius Mutilus, one of the principal Samnite
generals in the Marsic or Social War, b.c. 90-89.

13. Italy. Social War. M, Obv. Helmeted head. Bev, Two

soldiers, taking oath of alliance, by touching with the points
of their swords a pig held in the arms of a kneeling man. In-
scription, in Oscan characters, C.PAAPI(us) C.MVTIL(us)
EMBRATVR (C. Fapitis C. Mutilus Impef^ator). Wt. 62-5 grs.

14. Italy. Social War. M, Obv. VITELIV (ITALIA), in

Oscan characters. Head of Mars ; behind, X. liev. . PAAPII .
0. , in Oscan characters. Four soldiers, taking oath of alliance as
on No. 13. Wt. 61 grs.

15. Italy. Social War. M. Obv. Head of Bacchante. Hev. Sam-

nite bull, goring the Roman wolf. Inscription, in Oscan characters,
C . PAAPI . MVTIL. EMBRATVR . Wt. 59-2 grs.

The majority of the coins of the confederate Italian
peoples during their war with Kome were struck at their

PERIOD VII. C. 117

capital Corfinium, the name of which they changed to
Italia.

16. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Itev. Muse Calliope, playing

on lyre, which rests upon a column. Moneyer, Q . POM PON I (us)
MV8A. Wt. 63-2grs.

This moneyer, in allusion to his name, placed the nine
Muses on his coins. He held office in b.c. 67.

17. Eome. M. Obv. Head of city, turreted; beneath, ALEX-

ANDREA. JRev. M. Lepidus, crowning Ptolemy Epiphanes.
Inscription, M . LEPIDVS TVTOR REG(is) 8.C.PONTIF.
MAX. Wt. 61-5 grs.

The M. Lepidus who struck this coin, about B.C. 65, was
a descendant of the M. Lepidus who was sent to Egypt,
B.C. 200, as guardian of Ptolemy V. during his minority.

18. Eome. JR. Obv. Head of Diana, surmounted by crescent;

behind, lituus. JRev. Sulla, seated; before him a kneeling man
(Bocchus) holds up a branch of olive, and behind him a bearded
captive, Jugurtha, also kneeling. Moneyer, FAVSTVS FELIX.
Wt. 69-7 grs.

These coins were struck by Faustus Sulla, son of the
dictator, about B.C. 62. The reverse type alludes to the
betrayal of Jugurtha to Sulla by Bocchus, in b.c 106.
For portrait of Jugurtha, see VI. C. 32.

19. Home. M. Obv. LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty, wearing ear-

ring and necklace. JRev. BRVTV8. Brutus, consul B.C. 509,
between two lictors, with axes and fasces, and preceded by an
accensus. Wt. 63 grs.

There is no moneyer's name on this coin, but it cannot
be doubted that it was struck by Q. Caepio Brutus, better
known as M. Junius Brutus. Probably issued in b.c 68.

20. Home. M. Obv. REX ARETAS. King Aretas, kneeling

beside a camel, which he holds by the halter. Moneyer, M .
SCAVR(us) AED(ili8) CVR(ulis) EX.S.C. i?«?. Jupiter,
in quadriga. In exergue, C . H YP8AE . COS . PREIVER(num)
CAPTV(m). Moneyer, P.HYPSAEVS AED(ilis) CVR(uli8).
Wt. 63 grs.

Struck in b.c 58, under the SBdileship of Scaurus and
P. Hypsseus. Aretas, king of the Nabathaeans, had sub-
mitted to Scaurus, then governor of Syria, a few years
before. This is the first coin of the Boman series on
which an allusion is made to a contemporary event. The
capture of Privemum by the Consul C. Plautius HypssBus,
B.C. 341, is commemorated on the reverse. This piece
shows that on certain occasions the senate accorded to
the two curule sediles the right of issuing money.

118 PERIOD VII. C.

21. Rome, j^, Obv. Head of Hercules, in lion's skin. Inscription,

S.C . FAV8T(u8), in monogram. Hev. Globe, surrounded by-
four wreaths; on either side of the lowest an aplustre and an ear
of com, symbolising sea and land. Wt. 59*4 grs.

Struck by Faustus Sulla, urban quaestor in b.c. 54, the
son of the dictator, and son-in-law of Pompeius, whose
victories by sea and land are referred to on the reverse.

22. Rome. A/. Ol>v. Head of Venus, wearing earring, necklace,

and oak-wreath; behind ±11 (= 52). Rev. CAESAR. Trophy
of Gaulish arms. Wt. 131*2 grs.

Aurei were first struck by Caesar in B.C. 49, when after
the flight of Pompeius and the Senate he made himself
master of Rome. The numerals on the obverse are by
some supposed to refer to the age of Caesar at the time,
but this is very doubtful.

23. Kome. JR. Obv. Head of Mars. Mev. ALBINVS BRVTI F.

Two Gaulish trumpets crossed, and two shields. Wt. 60*2 grs.

Struck in B.C. 49, by Decimus Brutus, when he was sent
by Caesar against Massilia.

24. Eome. A/". Obv. C.CAESAR COS.TER. Head of Pietas,

veiled. i?er. A . HIRTIVS . PR(8efectus). Lituus, praefericulum,
and axe. Wt. 124 grs.

A. Hirtius was one of the seven praefects of the city
appointed by Caesar to govern Kome during his absence in
Spain, B.C. 46.

25. Eome. JR, Obv. Head of Antius Restio. Bev. Hercules, carry-

ing trophy and club. Moneyer, C.ANTIVS C.F. RESTIO.

Wt. 59-4 grs.
The portrait on this coin is that of C. Antius Eestio,
tribune of the people about B.C. 74, who was the father
of the moneyer.

26. Eome. Af. Obv. C.CAES.DIC.TER. Bust of Victory,

winged. JRev. L. PLANC(us) PRAEF(ectus) VRB(is). Pra-
fericulum. Wt. 124-1 grs.

Caesar, at the commencement of the year B.C. 45, con-
fided the care of the imperatorial coinage to the famous
L. Munatius Plancus, then praefect of the city.

*27. Eome. A/". 06tJ. MAG. PI VS. IMP. ITER. Head of Sextus
Pompeius; the whole in oak-wreath. Eev. PRAEF(ectus).
CLA8(sis) . ET . 0R(8e) . MARIT(im8e) . EX . S . C . Heads of
Pompeius the Great and his son Cnaeus Pompeius ; on either side,
lituus and tripod. Wt. 128 grs.

These aurei were struck B.C. 42-36, by Sextus Pompeius,

PERIOD VII. C. 119

who, in command of a numerous fleet, had established
his headquarters in Sicily, whence he carried on war by
sea against the triumvirs. He had "been appointed prse-
fectus classis et oree maritimas by the senate in b.c. 44.

28. Eome. AT. Obv. Head of Ceres. Eev. L. MVSSIDI(us)

LONGVS, within a wreath of corn. Wt. 124*4 grs.

Struck in B.C. 39, by L. Mussidius Longus, one of the
quatuorviri monetales.

29. Eome. Af, Obv, Head of Octavianus. Mev. CAESAR . Dl VI . F .

Victory, in biga. Wt. 119-2 grs.

Struck B.C. 36-29.

30. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Octavianus, laureate. Bev. IMP

CAESAR. Statue of Octavianus, on rostral column ornamented
with two anchors. Wt. 63*2 grs.

Struck B.C. 29-27.

3 1 . Eome. AT. Obv. Head of Octavianus, bare. Bev. I M P . C A ES A R .

Victory on globe, carrying a wreath and a vexillum. Wt^ 1 19*6 grs .

Struck B.C. 29-27.

32. Eome. AF. Obv. Head of Augustus, bare. Rev. AVGVSTVS.

Capricorn, with comucopiae, rudder, and globe. Wt. 115 grs.

The Capricorn was chosen as a badge by Augustus,
because he was bom on September 23, the day on which
the sun enters that sign. This coin was struck between
B.c. 27 and 25.

33. Eome. M. Obv. S. P.Q.R.IMP.CAESARI. Head of

Augustus, bare. Rev. QVOD VIAE MVN(itae) SVNT. The
emperor and Victory in a biga of elephants, upon a triumphal
arch, placed on a viaduct. Wt. 120'8 grs.

Struck B.C. 17. The type alludes to the restoration of
the Via Flaminia.

34. Eome. M. Obv. CAESAR. Head of Caius Caesar, the grand-

son of Augustus, within an oak-wreath. Rev. AVQVSTI. Large
candelabrum, within a wreath. Wt. 122'8 grs.

Struck in B.C. 17, the year in which Caius and Lucius
were adopted by Augustus.

35. Eoman. Af, 06». AVGVSTVS. Dl VI . F. Head of Augustus,

bare. Rev. I M P . X . ACT . Actian Apollo, holding plectrum
and lyre, and clad in long pallium. Wt. 122 grs.

This coin was struck b.c 14-12, probably in Gaul.

120 PERIOD Vll. C.

36. Eome. Kf, 06r. CAESAR AVQVSTVS Dl VI. F. PATER

PATRIAE. Head of Augustus, laureate. Bev. C.L.CAE-
SARES . AVQVSTI . F . COS . DESIQ . PRINC . IVVENT .
Caius and Lucius, each clad in toga, and holding shield and spear.
In field, simpulum and augur's staff. Wt. 120 grs.

The title Pater Patriae was conferred on Augustus B.C. 2.

37. Africa. Numidia. Hiempsal II., b.c. 106-60. Ohv.

Head of Hiempsal, bound with wreath of com. Rev. Horse and
Punic letter. Wt. 45 grs.

After the fall of Jugurtha, a portion only of his king-
dom was given to Hiempsal. Bocchus of Mauretania
received western Numidia as a recompense for his treason.

*38. Numidia. Juba I., B.C. 60-46. M. Ohv. REX IVBA.
Bust of Juba, bearded, and with hair in formal curls ; sceptre at
his shoulder. Rev. Punic inscription, probably a translation of
that on the obverse. Temple. Wt. 61 grs.

Juba is called by Cicero adoleacena bene capillatua, and
Suetonius relates how Ceesar, on one occasion, in b.c 62,
pulled him by the beard. This coin presents us therefore
with a characteristic portrait.

39. Mauretania. Bocchus I., b.c. 106-81. M, Obv. Bust

of king, diademed. Rev. Galloping horse and Punic inscription.
Wt. 224 grs.

40. Mauretania. Bogud II., B.c. 50-38. M, Obv. Griffin*

devouring stag. Rev. REX BOCVT. GriflSn, above which the
mihir. Wt. 56 grs.

This king was recognised by Ceesar in B.C. 49. The
Asiatic types of the coin prove the intimate connection
which existed between the religion of the peoples of
northern Africa and western Asia.

41. Mauretania. Juba IF., B.c. 25 to a.d. 23. Obv. Head of

Juba. Rev. Ele})hant. Wt. 45 grs.

42. Mauretania. Juba II. Obv. REX IVBA. Head of Juba. Rev.

Cornucopiae and scei)tre. Wt. 45 grs.

43. Mauretania. Juba II. Obv. REX IVBA. Head of Juba. Rev.

KAEOnATPA BAZIAIZZA. Head of Cleopatra Selene, wife
of Juba. Wt. 51 grs.

This king, son of Juba I., who lost his kingdom at the
battle of Thapsus, was made by Augustus king of Mau-
retania. His wife Cleopatra Selene was a daughter of
M. Antonius and the famous Cleopatra.

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INDEX I.— GEOGRAPHICAL.

Abdera, n. b. 1 ; iii. b. 3.

Abydus, ni. A. 1 4.

Acanthus, i. B. 7 ; ii. b. 8.

Acamania, v. B. 13 ; vi. b. 20.

Ace, IV. A. 6.

AchsBan League, v. b. 23-25 ; vi.

b. 25-27.
^gina, I. B. 29 ; ii. b. 24 ; v. b. 23.
-^nianes, vi. B. 14, 15.
.iEiius, II. B. 2 ; III. B. 4.
^tolia, V. B. 14-18.
Agiigentum, i. 0. 24 ; ii. c. 14-16.
Alexandria Troas, vi. a. 11.
AUaria, y. b. 28.
Ainastris, iv. a. 23.
Ampbipolis, ni. b. 7, 8.
Ancore, n. a. 21, 22.
Antioch, vn. a. 14.
ApoUonia, vii. b. 11, 13.
Aradus, iii. a. 47 ; iv. a. 3, 4 ; v.

A. 4 ; VI. a. 30 ; vii. a. 17.
Arcadia, in. b. 37.
Argos, in. b. 36 ; v. b. 25.
Armenia, vn. a. 13.
Arpi, V. 0. 13.
Ascalou, vn. a. 18, 19.
Aspendus, ii. a. 39 ; vi. A. 4.
Athens, i. b. 26-28 ; n. b. 19-23 ;

III. B. 30; v. B. 20-22; vi. b.

23, 24 ; vn. b. 14, 15.
Atrebates, vn. o. 6, 7.
Aulerci Diablintes, vn. c. 4.

B.

Bactria, v. a. 21-27; vi. a. 32,

33 ; VII. A. 20.
Bisaltse, i. b. 14.
Bithynia, v. a. 7 ; vn. a. 3.

Bituriges, vn. o. 3.

Boeotla, in. b. 26 ; iv. b. 22 ; v. b.

19 ; VI. B. 22.
Britannia, vn. o. 5-9.
Bruttii, V. 0. 20-22.
Byzantium, n. b. 3; v. b. 3; vi.

B. 3, 4; vn. B. 3, 4.

C.

Calchedon, v. a. 6.

Gales, V. o. 9.

Calymna, i. a. 29.

Gamarina, n. o. 17, 18.

Gamirus, i. a. 30.

Gamulodunum, vu. o. 9.

Gappadooia, vi. a. 23.

Garia, in. a. 33-35.

Garthage, ni. o. 37-42 ; iv. o. 36-

38 ; V. c. 39-41 ; vi. 0. 33-39.
Garystus, v. b. 29, 30.
Gassope, vi. b. 18.
Gatana, i. c. 25 ; n. c. 19-21 ; ni.

0. 25,
Gaulonia, i. o. 17, 18 ; n. o. 9.
Gelenderis, i. a. 37.
Ghalcidice, in. b. 9-11.
Ghalcis Euboesa, v. b. 31, 32.
Ghersonesus, i. a. 26.
Ghios, I. A. 8 ; n. a. 34 ; m. a. 31.
Gibyra, vn. a. 6.
Gius, IV. A. 24.
GlazomensB, i. a. 21 ; n. a. 29 ;

in. A. 24-26.
Gnidus, i. a. 27 ; ni. a. 32.
Gnossus, I. B. 32 ; in. b. 39 ; vi. b.

28-30.
Golophon, I. A. 22 ; u. a. 30 ; ni.

A. 27.
Gorcyra, i. b. 18 ; n. b. 14 ; vi, b.

19.

INDEX.

123

Corinth, i. b. 30, 31 ; n. b. 25 ;

in. B. 31.
Cos, II. A. 36; iir. a. 36; iv. a.

32.
Croton, I. c. 19, 20 ; ii. o. 10 ; m.

0. 19, 20 ; IV. 0. 25.
Croton and Sybaris, i. o. 21.
CiimsB, I. 0. 2 ; ii. c. 2.
Cyme, i a. 20 ; vi. a. 14.
Cyprus, II. A. 40-43 ; iii. a. 41-43.
Cyrene, in. o. 43, 44; iv. c. 39-

41 ; V. c. 42.
Cyzious, I. A. 12; ii. a. 6-15; iii.

A. 4-8 ; IV. A. 27 ; V. A. 1 ; vi.

A. 0.

D.

Damascus, iv. a. 5.

Dardanus, n. a. 25.

Delplii, III. B. 25.

DicsBa Chalcidices, i. b. 11.

Dyrrhachimn, v. b. 9 ; vii. b. 12.

Edoni, I. b. 15.

Egypt, IV. A. 20-22 ; v. A. 28-34 ;

VI. A. 35 ; vn. a. 26, 27.
Elis, n. B. 26-34 ; iii. b. 33 ; iv. b.

23; V. B. 26; vi, b. 25.
Ephesus, II. A. 31 ; ni. a. 28, 29 ;

IV. A. 19,29; V. A. 10.
Epirus, ni. b. 23; v. b. 10-12;

VI. B. 16, 17.
Eretria, n. b. 39 ; v. b. 33.
ErythriB, ii. a. 32 ; iv. A. 30 ; vi.

A. 16.
Etniria, ii. o. 1 ; m. o. 1.
Euboea, i. b. 21-25.

0.

Galatia, vn. a. 7.

Gaul, VI. 0. 1 ; vn. o. 3-5.

Gela,i.o. 26; n. a 22-24.

Goresia Cei, i. b. 33.

Gortyna, n. b. 35 ; vi. b. 31, 32.

Halicamassus, i. a. 7.

Heraclea louisB, in. a. 22 ; vi. a.

17.
Heraclea Lucaniae, n. o. 5 ; in. o.

11 ; IV. 0. 16; V. 0. 17.
Heraclea Pontica, iv. a. 25, 26.
Hierapytna, iv. b. 25 ; vi. b. 33.
Himera, i. c. 27 ; n. c. 25.
Hyriua, in. o. 3.

I.

lalysus, I. A. 31.

Ilium, VI. A. 12.

India, rv. a. 17.

Italy, VI. c. 26-28 ; vii. o. 12-15.

Itanus, II. B. 36.

J.

Jerusalem, vi. a. 31.

L.

LacedflBmon, v. b. 27 ; vi. b. 27.

Lamia, iv. b. 18.

Lampsacus, i. a. 18 ; n. a. 23 ;

ni. A. 15-19 ; vi. a. 8.
Larissa, n. b. 13 ; in. b. 19.
Laiis, I. o. 8, 9.
Lebedus, vl a. 18.
Leontlnl, i. o. 28 ; n. o. 26, 27.
Lesbos, I. A. 10.
Lete, I. B. 4, 5.
Leucas, vi. b. 21.
Libya, vi. o. 29.
Locri Brutt, m. o. 21 ; iv. c. 26 ;

V. 0. 23.
Locri Opun., m. b. 24.
Lycia, i. a. 33-35; n. A. 38; ni.

A. 39.
Lydia, i. a. 1-3, 1»-16.
Lysimachia, iv. b. 19.

124

INDEX.

MacsB, vi. 0. 29.

Macedon, v. b. 5-8; vi. b. 9-12;

VII. B. 7-10.
Magnesia, yi. a. 19.
Mantineia, v. b. 24.
MarathuSy v. a. 20.
Maronea, ii. b. 4 ; lu. b. 5 ; vi. b.

5 ; VII. B. 5.
Massilia, iv. o. 1 ; v. c. 1 ; vi. o.

2 ; VII. 0. 2.
Mauretania, vii. c. 39-43.
Mende, i. b. 8 ; ii. b. 9.
Mesembria, vi. b. 2.
Messana, i. c. 30 ; ii. c. 28.
Messenia, in. b. 35 ; iv. b. 24 ; vi.

B. 26.
Metapontum, i. o. 10, 11 ; ii. c. G ;

III. 0. 12-16; IV. c. 17-21.
Methymna, n. a. 27 ; in. a. 23.
Miletus, I. A. 6.
Myrina, vi. A. 15.
Mytilene, ii. a. 28.

H.

Naxos, I. B. 34.

Naxus SiciliflB, i. c. 31 ; ii. c. 29,

30.
Neapolis GampanisB, ii. c. 3 ; ni.

c. 4 ; IV. 0. 2, 3.
Neapolis Datenon, i. b. 6 ; in. b.

12.
Nicsaa, rv. A. 18.
Nola, IV. c. 4.

Nuoeria Alfateraa, v. c. 11.
Numidia, vii. o. 37, 38.

0.

Odessus, V. B. 1, 2; vi. b. 1;

VII. B. 2.
Odomanti (?), i. b. 17.
Olynthus, ii. b. 10.
On'eskii, i. b. 16.
Osca, VII. c. 1.

P.

PiBonia, III. B. 6 ; iy. b 1,2.
Pandosia, ii. o. 11 ; in. o. 22.
PantlcapsBum, in. b. 1, 2.
Paros, I. B. 35 ; v. b. 34.
Parthia, iv. a. 16; vi. A. 34 ;

VII. A. 22-25.
Perga, vi. a. 22.
Pergamus, v. a. 8, 9 ; vi. a. 7, 9,

10 ; VII. A. 5.
Persepolis, iv. a. 15.
Persia, i. A. 17 ; ii. A. 1, 2 ; in. A.

1-3; IV. A. 1.
PlisBstus, II. B. 37, 38 ; in. b. 40.
Pharsalus, iii. b. 20.
Phaselis, i. a. 36.
PhersB, in. b. 21, 22.
Philippi, ni. b. 13.
Phocaea, i. a. 23 ; IL A. 16-19.
Phocis, I. B. 19.
Polyrhenium, iv. b. 26.
Pontus, V. A. 5 ; YL A. 5 ; vii. a.

1,2.
Populonia, i. c. 1 ; in. c. 2.
Pordosilene, ii. a. 24.
Poseidion Garpathi, i. a. 32.
Poseidonia, i. c. 12, 13.
Potidsaa, i. b. 9.
Priansus, vi. b. 34.
Prooonnesus, iv. a. 28.
Pyxus and Siris, i. c. 14.

B.

Rheginm, i. o. 22 ; n. o. 12 ; in. o.

23.
Rhodes, in. a. 37, 38 ; rv. a. 33;

V. A. 11 ; VI. A. 3, 21.
Bomano-Gampanian, iv. c. 5-10;

V. 0. 7, 8.
Boman, vii. b. 16-26 ; vn. o. 35.
Rome, V. c. 2-6 ; vi. o. 3-25 ; vn.

c. 10, 11, 16-34, 36.

INDEX.

125

S.

Samoa, i. a. 5, 9, 25; ii. A. 85

III. A. 30; IV. A. 31.
Samothrace, v. b. 4.
Sardes, i. a. 13-16.
Scepsis, II. A. 26.
Segesta. i. o. 32 ; ii. c. 31.
Selinus, i. o. 33 ; ii. c. 32.
Sicily, V. c. 32.
Sicyon, iii. b. 32.
Sidon, III. A. 44, 45 ; iv. a. 35

vn. A. 15.
Sinope, n. a. 20.
Siphnos, I. B. 36.
Siris and Pyxus, i. o. 14.
Smyrna, vi. a. 2, 20.
Sparta, see Lacedsamon.
Stymphalus, ni. b. 38.
Suessa, v. o. 10.
Sybaris, i. c. 15.
Sybaris and Groton, i. c. 21.
Syracuse, i. c. 34, 35 ; n. o. 33-

40 ; in. 0. 27-36; iv. o. 27-34;

V. 0. 28-37.

Syria, iv. a. 11-14 ; v. a. 12-19 ;

VI. A. 24-28; vii. A. 8-13.

T.

Tarentum, i. c. 3-7 ; ii. o. 4 ; ni.
c. 6-10 ; IV. 0. 11 ; v. o. 14-16.
Tarsus, in. a. 40 ; iv. A. 34.
Tauromenium, v. o. 38.
Teanum Sidicinum, v. c. 12.

Temnos, vi. A. 1.

Tenedos, i. A. 19 ; in. a. 20, 21 ;

VI. A. 13.
Tenofl, IV. b. 27, 28.
Teos, I. A. 24 ; ii. a. 33.
Terina, i. o. 23 ; n. o. 13 ; m. o.

24.
Termera, n. a. 37.
Terone, i. b. 10.
Thasos, I. B. 3 ; ii. b. 6, 7 ; vi. b.

6 ; VII. B. 6.
Thebes, i. b. 20 ; n. b. 15-18 ; in.

B. 27-29.
ThermaB, in. c. 26.
Thessaly, vi. b. 13.
Thrace, i. b. 1; vi. b. 7, 8; vn.

B. 1-4.
Thurium, n. o. 7 ; m. o. 17 ; iv.

0. 22 ; V. 0. 18.
Tyre, m. a. 46 ; iv. a. 36 ; vi. a.

29; vn. a. 16.

V.

Velia, I. 0. 16;-ii. o. 8 ; in. o. 18 ;
IV. c. 23, 24 ; v. o. 19.

Z.

Zacynthus, in. b. 34.
Zadelii, i. b. 2.
Zancle, i. o. 29.
Zeleia, i. a. 11.

INDEX II.— KINGS, DYNASTS, ETC.

■♦O^

A.

Abudos, VII. 0. 3.
^sillas, VII. B. 7-9.
Agathocles of Bactria, v. A. 26, 27.
Agathocles of Syracuse, iv. c.

27-30.
Albinus, Bruti f., vii. o. 23.
Alexander JEgus, iv. a. 20, 21;

IV. B. 13, 14.
Alexander Balas, vi. a. 24.
Alexander of Epirus, iii. b. 23;

IV. c 1 1-15.
Alexander I. of Macedon, ii. b. 11.
Alexander the Great, iv. A. 2-8 ;

IV. B. 3-7, 10, 11 ; V. A. 1-4;

V. B. 2 : VI. A. 1-4 ; vi. b. 1, 2 ;
VII. B. 2. ■

Alexander of Pherse, in. b. 21, 22.
Amastris, iv. a. 23.
Amyntas of Galatia, vii. a. 7.
Amyntas III. of Macedon, iii. b.

15.
Andragoras, iv. a. 16.
Antigonus, rv. b. 12.
Antigonus Doson, v. b. 6, 27.
Antigonufl Gonatas, v. b. 5.
Antimachus, v. a. 25.
Antiochus I., v. a. 12, 13.
Antiochus II., v. a. 14.
Antiochus Hierax, v. a. 16.
Antiochus Seleuci III. f., v. a. 18.
Antiochus III., v. A. 19 ; v. b. 17,

30, 32.
Antiochus VI., vi. a. 25.
Antiochus VIII., vii. a. 8.
■ Antiochus IX., vii. A. 9.
Antiochus XL, vii. a. 11.
Antonius L., vii. b. 22.
Antonius M., vn. a. 31 ; vii. b.

21-24.
Antonius M. and Cleopatra, vii.

A. 14.

Antonius M. Junior, vn. b. 24.

Apollodotus n. (?), VII. A. 20.

Apollonias, vi. a. 6.

Archelaus I., n. b. 12.

Arsinoe II., v. a. 29.

Ardinoe III., v. a. 33.

Attains I., V. a. 9.

Audoleon, iv. b. 2.

Augustus, VII. A. 33-35 ; vn. b.

26; VII. 0. 32, 33, 35, 36. See

aho Octavianus.
Azbaal, u. a. 43.

B.

Baalmelek, ii. a. 42.
Berenice II., v. a. 31.
Bocchus I., VII. c. 39.
Bogud II., vn. 0. 40.
Brutus D., vn. o. 23.
Brutus M. Junius, vn. a. 29;
VII, B. 19 ; vn. c. 19.

C.

GsBsar, Gains, vn. o. 34.

Gsesar, Gains and Lucius, vn. o.

36.
Gassar, Julius, vn. b. 17, 18, 21 ;

VII. c. 22, 26, 29.
Gasca, Servilius, vn. a. 29.
Gassander, rv. b. 10, 11.
Gleopatra of Syria, vi. a. 28.
Gleopatra VI. of Egypt, vn. A.

J 9.
Gleopatra and Antonius, vn. a.

14.
Gleopatra Selene of Mauretania,

vn. c. 43.
Goson, vn. b. 1.
Groesus, i. a. 13-16.
Gunobelinus, vn. o. 9.

INDEX.

127

D.

Demetrius Poliorcetes, iv. b. 15-

17. '

Demetrius of Biictria, v. a. 23.
Demetrius II. of Syria, vi. A. 27.
Diodotus, V. A. 21.
Dionysius of Heraclea, iv. a. 25.

Evagoras I., in. a. 41.
Evelthon, ii. a. 41.
Eucratides, vi. a. 32.
Eumenes I., v. a. 8.
Eumenes II., vi. a. 7.
Euthydemus T., v. a. 22.
Euthydemus II., v. a. 24.

O.

Getas Edonorum Rex, i. b. 15.

H.

Heliocles, vi. a. 33.
HermsBus, vii. a. 21.
Hicetas, iv. c. 32-34.
Hiempsal II., vii. c. 37.
Hiero II., v. c. 28-30.
Hieronymus, v. c. 33.

J.

Juba I., vn. c. 38.
Juba II., VII. 0. 41-43.
Jugurtha, vi. o. 31, 32.

L.

Labienus, Q. Parthicus, vn. a. 30.
Lamia, iv. b. 18.
Lycceius, in. b. 6.
Lysimachus, iv. a. 18, 19 ; iv. b.

19-21; V. b. 1; vi. b. 3, 4;

VII. B. 3, 4.

Munssollus, III. A. 33.

Micipsa, vi. c. 30.

Mithradates I. of Parthia, vi. a.

34.
Mithradati s IV. of Pontus, v. a. 5.
Mithradates VI. of Pontus, vii. a.

1, 2; VII. B. 14.
Monunius, v. b. 9.
Mostis, VI. B. 8.
Musa andPhiaataccs I., vn. a.

25.

H.

Nlcocles, III. A. 42.
Nicomedes III., vii. a. 3.

0.

Octavianus, vn. a. 32 ; vir. b. 21 ;
VII. 0. 29-31. See also Augustus.
Orodes I., vn. a. 23.
Orophemes, vi. a. 23.

P.

Papius C, vn. c. 12-15.
Patraus, iv. b. 1.
Pausanias of Maoedon, in. b. 14.
Perdiccas III. of Macedon, in. b.

16.
Perseus of Maoedon, vi. b. 9.
Phahaspes, iv. a. 15.
Phanes, i. a. 7.
Phamaces I., vi. a. 5.
Philip II. of Macedon, m. b. 17,

18.
Philip III. of Macedon, iv. a. 9,

10 ; IV. B. 8, 9.
Philip V. of Macedon, v. b. 7, 8.
Philip of Syria, vn. a. 12.
Philistis, V. 0. 31.
Phraataces I. and Musa, vn. a. 25.
Phraates III., vn. a. 22.
Pixodarus, in. a. 34, 35.
Pnytagoras, ni. a. 43.
Pompeius, Sextus, vn. o. 27.

128

INDEX.

Prusias I., v. A. 7.

Ptolemy I., nr. a. 22.

Ptolemy II. and Arsinoe II., y. A.

28.
Ptolemy III., v. a. 30.
Ptolemy IV., v. a. 32.
Ptolemy V., v. A. 34.
Ptolemy VI., vi. A. 35.
Ptolemy IX., vii. a. 26.
Ptolemy XI., vii. A. 18, 27.
Pyrrhufl, v. b. 10, II ; v. c. 24-27.

S.

Seleuoos I., iy. a. 11-14.
Seleucus II., v. a. 15.
Seleucus III., v. a. 17.
Seleucus VI., vn. a. 10.
Seuthes I., ii. b. 5.

Simon MaocabaBUs, vi. a. 31.
Sophy tea, iv. a. 17.
Sulla, Yii. A. 28.
Sulla, FauBtus, vn. o. 18, 21.
Sura, vn. b. 10.

T.

Tasdovanus, vii. o. 8.
Tlgranea, vii. a. 13.
TincommiuB, yu. o. 6.
Tiridates II., yu. a. 24.
Tryphon, yl a. 26.
Tymnes, n. a. 37.

V.

Verica, yii. o. 7.

LONDON: PRINTED BT ViLLIAM CLOWK8 AND SONS, STAMFORD STRK»T

AND CHARING CROSS.

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OXFORD

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PERIOD I. ciro. B.C. 700-460.

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PFRlOniQ. circ.B.C. 400-33B,

Plate I\'.

PERIOD IV. ciro-B.C SSb-PBU.

3.C. 280-190.

PERIOD Vr. (Tire. B.C. I9(J-I00.

PERIOD Vu.circB.C inn-

OXFORD

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